6 Basic concepts [basic]

namespace A {
  namespace N {
    void f();
  }
}
void A::N::f() {
  i = 5;
  // The following scopes are searched for a declaration of i:
  // 1) outermost block scope of A​::​N​::​f, before the use of i
  // 2) scope of namespace N
  // 3) scope of namespace A
  // 4) global scope, before the definition of A​::​N​::​f
}

namespace M {
  class B { };
}

namespace N {
  class Y : public M::B {
    class X {
      int a[i];
    };
  };
}

// The following scopes are searched for a declaration of i:
// 1) scope of class N​::​Y​::​X, before the use of i
// 2) scope of class N​::​Y, before the definition of N​::​Y​::​X
// 3) scope of N​::​Y's base class M​::​B
// 4) scope of namespace N, before the definition of N​::​Y
// 5) global scope, before the definition of N

class B { };
namespace M {
  namespace N {
    class X : public B {
      void f();
    };
  }
}
void M::N::X::f() {
  i = 16;
}

// The following scopes are searched for a declaration of i:
// 1) outermost block scope of M​::​N​::​X​::​f, before the use of i
// 2) scope of class M​::​N​::​X
// 3) scope of M​::​N​::​X's base class B
// 4) scope of namespace M​::​N
// 5) scope of namespace M
// 6) global scope, before the definition of M​::​N​::​X​::​f

struct A {
  typedef int AT;
  void f1(AT);
  void f2(float);
  template <class T> void f3();
};
struct B {
  typedef char AT;
  typedef float BT;
  friend void A::f1(AT);      // parameter type is A​::​AT
  friend void A::f2(BT);      // parameter type is B​::​BT
  friend void A::f3<AT>();    // template argument is B​::​AT
};

namespace N {
  int i = 4;
  extern int j;
}

int i = 2;

int N::j = i;       // N​::​j == 4

namespace N {
  struct S { };
  void f(S);
}

void g() {
  N::S s;
  f(s);             // OK: calls N​::​f
  (f)(s);           // error: N​::​f not considered; parentheses prevent argument-dependent lookup
}

namespace NS {
  class T { };
  void f(T);
  void g(T, int);
}
NS::T parm;
void g(NS::T, float);
int main() {
  f(parm);                      // OK: calls NS​::​f
  extern void g(NS::T, float);
  g(parm, 1);                   // OK: calls g(NS​::​T, float)
}

class A {
public:
  static int n;
};
int main() {
  int A;
  A::n = 42;        // OK
  A b;              // ill-formed: A does not name a type
}

class X { };
class C {
  class X { };
  static const int number = 50;
  static X arr[number];
};
X C::arr[number];   // ill-formed:
                    // equivalent to ​::​X C​::​arr[C​::​number];
                    // and not to C​::​X C​::​arr[C​::​number];

struct C {
  typedef int I;
};
typedef int I1, I2;
extern int* p;
extern int* q;
p->C::I::~I();      // I is looked up in the scope of C
q->I1::~I2();       // I2 is looked up in the scope of the postfix-expression

struct A {
  ~A();
};
typedef A AB;
int main() {
  AB* p;
  p->AB::~AB();     // explicitly calls the destructor for A
}

struct Node {
  struct Node* Next;            // OK: Refers to Node at global scope
  struct Data* Data;            // OK: Declares type Data
                                // at global scope and member Data
};

struct Data {
  struct Node* Node;            // OK: Refers to Node at global scope
  friend struct ::Glob;         // error: Glob is not declared, cannot introduce a qualified type ([dcl.type.elab])
  friend struct Glob;           // OK: Refers to (as yet) undeclared Glob at global scope.
  /* ... */
};

struct Base {
  struct Data;                  // OK: Declares nested Data
  struct ::Data*     thatData;  // OK: Refers to ​::​Data
  struct Base::Data* thisData;  // OK: Refers to nested Data
  friend class ::Data;          // OK: global Data is a friend
  friend class Data;            // OK: nested Data is a friend
  struct Data { /* ... */ };    // Defines nested Data
};

struct Data;                    // OK: Redeclares Data at global scope
struct ::Data;                  // error: cannot introduce a qualified type ([dcl.type.elab])
struct Base::Data;              // error: cannot introduce a qualified type ([dcl.type.elab])
struct Base::Datum;             // error: Datum undefined
struct Base::Data* pBase;       // OK: refers to nested Data

struct A { };

struct B {
  struct A { };
  void f(::A* a);
};

void B::f(::A* a) {
  a->~A();                      // OK: lookup in *a finds the injected-class-name
}

struct A { };
namespace N {
  struct A {
    void g() { }
    template <class T> operator T();
  };
}

int main() {
  N::A a;
  a.operator A();               // calls N​::​A​::​operator N​::​A
}