24 Strings library [strings]

24.1 General [strings.general]

1
#
This Clause describes components for manipulating sequences of any non-array POD ([basic.types]) type.
Such types are called char-like types, and objects of char-like types are called char-like objects or simply characters.
2
#
The following subclauses describe a character traits class, a string class, and null-terminated sequence utilities, as summarized in Table 48.
Table 48 — Strings library summary
Subclause
Header(s)
Character traits
<string>
String classes
<string>
String view classes
<string_­view>
<cctype>
<cwctype>
Null-terminated sequence utilities
<cstring>
<cwchar>
<cstdlib>
<cuchar>

24.2 Character traits [char.traits]

1
#
This subclause defines requirements on classes representing character traits, and defines a class template char_­traits<charT>, along with four specializations, char_­traits<char>, char_­traits<char16_­t>,
char_­traits<char32_­t>, and char_­traits<wchar_­t>, that satisfy those requirements.
2
#
Most classes specified in Clauses [string.classes] and [input.output] need a set of related types and functions to complete the definition of their semantics.
These types and functions are provided as a set of member typedef-names and functions in the template parameter traits used by each such template.
This subclause defines the semantics of these members.
3
#
To specialize those templates to generate a string or iostream class to handle a particular character container type CharT, that and its related character traits class Traits are passed as a pair of parameters to the string or iostream template as parameters charT and traits.
Traits​::​char_­type shall be the same as CharT.
4
#
This subclause specifies a class template, char_­traits<charT>, and four explicit specializations of it, char_­traits<​char>, char_­traits<char16_­t>, char_­traits<char32_­t>, and char_­traits<wchar_­t>, all of which appear in the header <string> and satisfy the requirements below.

24.2.1 Character traits requirements [char.traits.require]

1
#
In Table 49, X denotes a Traits class defining types and functions for the character container type CharT; c and d denote values of type CharT; p and q denote values of type const CharT*; s denotes a value of type CharT*; n, i and j denote values of type size_­t; e and f denote values of type X​::​int_­type; pos denotes a value of type X​::​pos_­type; state denotes a value of type X​::​state_­type; and r denotes an lvalue of type CharT.
Operations on Traits shall not throw exceptions.
Table 49 — Character traits requirements
Expression
Return type
Assertion/note
Complexity
pre-/post-condition
X​::​char_­type
charT
(described in [char.traits.typedefs])
compile-time
X​::​int_­type
(described in [char.traits.typedefs])
compile-time
X​::​off_­type
(described in [char.traits.typedefs])
compile-time
X​::​pos_­type
(described in [char.traits.typedefs])
compile-time
X​::​state_­type
(described in [char.traits.typedefs])
compile-time
X​::​eq(c,d)
bool
Returns: whether c is to be treated as equal to d.
constant
X​::​lt(c,d)
bool
Returns: whether c is to be treated as less than d.
constant
X​::​compare(p,q,n)
int
Returns: 0 if for each i in [0,n), X​::​eq(p[i],q[i]) is true; else, a negative value if, for some j in [0,n), X​::​lt(p[j],q[j]) is true and for each i in [0,j) X​::​eq(p[i],q[i]) is true; else a positive value.
linear
X​::​length(p)
size_­t
Returns: the smallest i such that X​::​eq(p[i],charT()) is true.
linear
X​::​find(p,n,c)
const X​::​char_­type*
Returns: the smallest q in [p,p+n) such that X​::​eq(*q,c) is true, zero otherwise.
linear
X​::​move(s,p,n)
X​::​char_­type*
for each i in [0,n), performs X​::​assign(s[i],p[i]).
Copies correctly even where the ranges [p,p+n) and [s,s+n) overlap.

Returns: s.
linear
X​::​copy(s,p,n)
X​::​char_­type*
Requires: p not in [s,s+n).
Returns: s.

for each i in [0,n), performs X​::​assign(s[i],p[i]).
linear
X​::​assign(r,d)
(not used)
assigns r=d.
constant
X​::​assign(s,n,c)
X​::​char_­type*
for each i in [0,n), performs X​::​assign(s[i],c).

Returns: s.
linear
X​::​not_­eof(e)
int_­type
Returns: e if X​::​eq_­int_­type(e,X​::​eof()) is false, otherwise a value f such that X​::​eq_­int_­type(f,X​::​eof()) is false.
constant
X​::​to_­char_­type(e)
X​::​char_­type
Returns: if for some c, X​::​eq_­int_­type(e,X​::​to_­int_­type(c)) is true, c; else some unspecified value.
constant
X​::​to_­int_­type(c)
X​::​int_­type
Returns: some value e, constrained by the definitions of to_­char_­type and eq_­int_­type.
constant
X​::​eq_­int_­type(e,f)
bool
Returns: for all c and d, X​::​eq(c,d) is equal to X​::​eq_­int_­type(X​::​to_­int_­type(c), X​::​to_­int_­type(d)); otherwise, yields true if e and f are both copies of X​::​eof(); otherwise, yields false if one of e and f is a copy of X​::​eof() and the other is not; otherwise the value is unspecified.
constant
X​::​eof()
X​::​int_­type
Returns: a value e such that X​::​eq_­int_­type(e,X​::​to_­int_­type(c)) is false for all values c.
constant
2
#
The class template
template<class charT> struct char_traits;
shall be provided in the header <string> as a basis for explicit specializations.

24.2.2 Traits typedefs [char.traits.typedefs]

using char_type = CHAR_T;
1
#
The type char_­type is used to refer to the character container type in the implementation of the library classes defined in [string.classes] and Clause [input.output].
using int_type = INT_T;
2
#
Requires: For a certain character container type char_­type, a related container type INT_­T shall be a type or class which can represent all of the valid characters converted from the corresponding char_­type values, as well as an end-of-file value, eof().
The type int_­type represents a character container type which can hold end-of-file to be used as a return type of the iostream class member functions.224
using off_type = implementation-defined; using pos_type = implementation-defined;
3
#
Requires: Requirements for off_­type and pos_­type are described in [iostreams.limits.pos] and [iostream.forward].
using state_type = STATE_T;
4
#
Requires: state_­type shall meet the requirements of CopyAssignable (Table 26), CopyConstructible (Table 24), and DefaultConstructible (Table 22) types.
224)
If eof() can be held in char_­type then some iostreams operations may give surprising results.

24.2.3 char_­traits specializations [char.traits.specializations]

namespace std {
  template<> struct char_traits<char>;
  template<> struct char_traits<char16_t>;
  template<> struct char_traits<char32_t>;
  template<> struct char_traits<wchar_t>;
}
1
#
The header <string> shall define four specializations of the class template char_­traits: char_­traits<​char>, char_­traits<char16_­t>, char_­traits<char32_­t>, and char_­traits<wchar_­t>.
2
#
The requirements for the members of these specializations are given in Clause [char.traits.require].

24.2.3.1 struct char_­traits<char> [char.traits.specializations.char]

namespace std {
  template<> struct char_traits<char> {
    using char_type  = char;
    using int_type   = int;
    using off_type   = streamoff;
    using pos_type   = streampos;
    using state_type = mbstate_t;

    static constexpr void assign(char_type& c1, const char_type& c2) noexcept;
    static constexpr bool eq(char_type c1, char_type c2) noexcept;
    static constexpr bool lt(char_type c1, char_type c2) noexcept;

    static constexpr int compare(const char_type* s1, const char_type* s2, size_t n);
    static constexpr size_t length(const char_type* s);
    static constexpr const char_type* find(const char_type* s, size_t n,
                                           const char_type& a);
    static char_type* move(char_type* s1, const char_type* s2, size_t n);
    static char_type* copy(char_type* s1, const char_type* s2, size_t n);
    static char_type* assign(char_type* s, size_t n, char_type a);

    static constexpr int_type not_eof(int_type c) noexcept;
    static constexpr char_type to_char_type(int_type c) noexcept;
    static constexpr int_type to_int_type(char_type c) noexcept;
    static constexpr bool eq_int_type(int_type c1, int_type c2) noexcept;
    static constexpr int_type eof() noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
The defined types for int_­type, pos_­type, off_­type, and state_­type shall be int, streampos, streamoff, and mbstate_­t respectively.
2
#
The type streampos shall be an implementation-defined type that satisfies the requirements for pos_­type in [iostreams.limits.pos] and [iostream.forward].
3
#
The type streamoff shall be an implementation-defined type that satisfies the requirements for off_­type in [iostreams.limits.pos] and [iostream.forward].
4
#
The type mbstate_­t is defined in <cwchar> and can represent any of the conversion states that can occur in an implementation-defined set of supported multibyte character encoding rules.
5
#
The two-argument member assign shall be defined identically to the built-in operator =.
The two-argument members eq and lt shall be defined identically to the built-in operators == and < for type unsigned char.
6
#
The member eof() shall return EOF.

24.2.3.2 struct char_­traits<char16_­t> [char.traits.specializations.char16_t]

namespace std {
  template<> struct char_traits<char16_t> {
    using char_type  = char16_t;
    using int_type   = uint_least16_t;
    using off_type   = streamoff;
    using pos_type   = u16streampos;
    using state_type = mbstate_t;

    static constexpr void assign(char_type& c1, const char_type& c2) noexcept;
    static constexpr bool eq(char_type c1, char_type c2) noexcept;
    static constexpr bool lt(char_type c1, char_type c2) noexcept;

    static constexpr int compare(const char_type* s1, const char_type* s2, size_t n);
    static constexpr size_t length(const char_type* s);
    static constexpr const char_type* find(const char_type* s, size_t n,
                                           const char_type& a);
    static char_type* move(char_type* s1, const char_type* s2, size_t n);
    static char_type* copy(char_type* s1, const char_type* s2, size_t n);
    static char_type* assign(char_type* s, size_t n, char_type a);

    static constexpr int_type not_eof(int_type c) noexcept;
    static constexpr char_type to_char_type(int_type c) noexcept;
    static constexpr int_type to_int_type(char_type c) noexcept;
    static constexpr bool eq_int_type(int_type c1, int_type c2) noexcept;
    static constexpr int_type eof() noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
The type u16streampos shall be an implementation-defined type that satisfies the requirements for pos_­type in [iostreams.limits.pos] and [iostream.forward].
2
#
The two-argument members assign, eq, and lt shall be defined identically to the built-in operators =, ==, and < respectively.
3
#
The member eof() shall return an implementation-defined constant that cannot appear as a valid UTF-16 code unit.

24.2.3.3 struct char_­traits<char32_­t> [char.traits.specializations.char32_t]

namespace std {
  template<> struct char_traits<char32_t> {
    using char_type  = char32_t;
    using int_type   = uint_least32_t;
    using off_type   = streamoff;
    using pos_type   = u32streampos;
    using state_type = mbstate_t;

    static constexpr void assign(char_type& c1, const char_type& c2) noexcept;
    static constexpr bool eq(char_type c1, char_type c2) noexcept;
    static constexpr bool lt(char_type c1, char_type c2) noexcept;

    static constexpr int compare(const char_type* s1, const char_type* s2, size_t n);
    static constexpr size_t length(const char_type* s);
    static constexpr const char_type* find(const char_type* s, size_t n,
                                           const char_type& a);
    static char_type* move(char_type* s1, const char_type* s2, size_t n);
    static char_type* copy(char_type* s1, const char_type* s2, size_t n);
    static char_type* assign(char_type* s, size_t n, char_type a);

    static constexpr int_type not_eof(int_type c) noexcept;
    static constexpr char_type to_char_type(int_type c) noexcept;
    static constexpr int_type to_int_type(char_type c) noexcept;
    static constexpr bool eq_int_type(int_type c1, int_type c2) noexcept;
    static constexpr int_type eof() noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
The type u32streampos shall be an implementation-defined type that satisfies the requirements for pos_­type in [iostreams.limits.pos] and [iostream.forward].
2
#
The two-argument members assign, eq, and lt shall be defined identically to the built-in operators =, ==, and < respectively.
3
#
The member eof() shall return an implementation-defined constant that cannot appear as a Unicode code point.

24.2.3.4 struct char_­traits<wchar_­t> [char.traits.specializations.wchar.t]

namespace std {
  template<> struct char_traits<wchar_t> {
    using char_type  = wchar_t;
    using int_type   = wint_t;
    using off_type   = streamoff;
    using pos_type   = wstreampos;
    using state_type = mbstate_t;

    static constexpr void assign(char_type& c1, const char_type& c2) noexcept;
    static constexpr bool eq(char_type c1, char_type c2) noexcept;
    static constexpr bool lt(char_type c1, char_type c2) noexcept;

    static constexpr int compare(const char_type* s1, const char_type* s2, size_t n);
    static constexpr size_t length(const char_type* s);
    static constexpr const char_type* find(const char_type* s, size_t n,
                                           const char_type& a);
    static char_type* move(char_type* s1, const char_type* s2, size_t n);
    static char_type* copy(char_type* s1, const char_type* s2, size_t n);
    static char_type* assign(char_type* s, size_t n, char_type a);

    static constexpr int_type not_eof(int_type c) noexcept;
    static constexpr char_type to_char_type(int_type c) noexcept;
    static constexpr int_type to_int_type(char_type c) noexcept;
    static constexpr bool eq_int_type(int_type c1, int_type c2) noexcept;
    static constexpr int_type eof() noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
The defined types for int_­type, pos_­type, and state_­type shall be wint_­t, wstreampos, and mbstate_­t respectively.
2
#
The type wstreampos shall be an implementation-defined type that satisfies the requirements for pos_­type in [iostreams.limits.pos] and [iostream.forward].
3
#
The type mbstate_­t is defined in <cwchar> and can represent any of the conversion states that can occur in an implementation-defined set of supported multibyte character encoding rules.
4
#
The two-argument members assign, eq, and lt shall be defined identically to the built-in operators =, ==, and < respectively.
5
#
The member eof() shall return WEOF.

24.3 String classes [string.classes]

1
#
The header <string> defines the basic_­string class template for manipulating varying-length sequences of char-like objects and four typedef-names, string, u16string, u32string, and wstring, that name the specializations basic_­string<char>, basic_­string<char16_­t>, basic_­string<char32_­t>, and basic_­string<​wchar_­t>, respectively.

24.3.1 Header <string> synopsis [string.syn]

#include <initializer_list>

namespace std {
  // [char.traits], character traits
  template<class charT> struct char_traits;
  template<> struct char_traits<char>;
  template<> struct char_traits<char16_t>;
  template<> struct char_traits<char32_t>;
  template<> struct char_traits<wchar_t>;

  // [basic.string], basic_­string
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>,
    class Allocator = allocator<charT>>
      class basic_string;

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
      operator+(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
                const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
      operator+(basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& lhs,
                const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
      operator+(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
                basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& rhs);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
      operator+(basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& lhs,
                basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& rhs);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
      operator+(const charT* lhs,
                const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
      operator+(const charT* lhs,
                basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& rhs);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
      operator+(charT lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
      operator+(charT lhs, basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& rhs);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
      operator+(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
                const charT* rhs);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
      operator+(basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& lhs,
                const charT* rhs);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
      operator+(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, charT rhs);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>
      operator+(basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& lhs, charT rhs);

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator==(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
                    const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator==(const charT* lhs,
                    const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator==(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
                    const charT* rhs);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator!=(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
                    const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator!=(const charT* lhs,
                    const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator!=(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
                    const charT* rhs);

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator< (const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
                    const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator< (const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
                    const charT* rhs);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator< (const charT* lhs,
                    const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator> (const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
                    const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator> (const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
                    const charT* rhs);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator> (const charT* lhs,
                    const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs);

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator<=(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
                    const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator<=(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
                    const charT* rhs);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator<=(const charT* lhs,
                    const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator>=(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
                    const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator>=(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
                    const charT* rhs);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    bool operator>=(const charT* lhs,
                    const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs);

  // [string.special], swap
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    void swap(basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs,
              basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs)
      noexcept(noexcept(lhs.swap(rhs)));

  // [string.io], inserters and extractors
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
      operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
                 basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& str);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
      operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
                 const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& str);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
      getline(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
              basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& str,
              charT delim);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
      getline(basic_istream<charT, traits>&& is,
              basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& str,
              charT delim);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
      getline(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is,
              basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& str);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
      getline(basic_istream<charT, traits>&& is,
              basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& str);

  // basic_­string typedef names
  using string    = basic_string<char>;
  using u16string = basic_string<char16_t>;
  using u32string = basic_string<char32_t>;
  using wstring   = basic_string<wchar_t>;

  // [string.conversions], numeric conversions
  int stoi(const string& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10);
  long stol(const string& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10);
  unsigned long stoul(const string& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10);
  long long stoll(const string& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10);
  unsigned long long stoull(const string& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10);
  float stof(const string& str, size_t* idx = 0);
  double stod(const string& str, size_t* idx = 0);
  long double stold(const string& str, size_t* idx = 0);
  string to_string(int val);
  string to_string(unsigned val);
  string to_string(long val);
  string to_string(unsigned long val);
  string to_string(long long val);
  string to_string(unsigned long long val);
  string to_string(float val);
  string to_string(double val);
  string to_string(long double val);

  int stoi(const wstring& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10);
  long stol(const wstring& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10);
  unsigned long stoul(const wstring& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10);
  long long stoll(const wstring& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10);
  unsigned long long stoull(const wstring& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10);
  float stof(const wstring& str, size_t* idx = 0);
  double stod(const wstring& str, size_t* idx = 0);
  long double stold(const wstring& str, size_t* idx = 0);
  wstring to_wstring(int val);
  wstring to_wstring(unsigned val);
  wstring to_wstring(long val);
  wstring to_wstring(unsigned long val);
  wstring to_wstring(long long val);
  wstring to_wstring(unsigned long long val);
  wstring to_wstring(float val);
  wstring to_wstring(double val);
  wstring to_wstring(long double val);

  // [basic.string.hash], hash support
  template<class T> struct hash;
  template<> struct hash<string>;
  template<> struct hash<u16string>;
  template<> struct hash<u32string>;
  template<> struct hash<wstring>;

  namespace pmr {
    template <class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
      using basic_string =
        std::basic_string<charT, traits, polymorphic_allocator<charT>>;

    using string    = basic_string<char>;
    using u16string = basic_string<char16_t>;
    using u32string = basic_string<char32_t>;
    using wstring   = basic_string<wchar_t>;
  }

  inline namespace literals {
  inline namespace string_literals {
    // [basic.string.literals], suffix for basic_­string literals
    string    operator""s(const char* str, size_t len);
    u16string operator""s(const char16_t* str, size_t len);
    u32string operator""s(const char32_t* str, size_t len);
    wstring   operator""s(const wchar_t* str, size_t len);
  }
  }
}

24.3.2 Class template basic_­string [basic.string]

1
#
The class template basic_­string describes objects that can store a sequence consisting of a varying number of arbitrary char-like objects with the first element of the sequence at position zero.
Such a sequence is also called a “string” if the type of the char-like objects that it holds is clear from context.
In the rest of this Clause, the type of the char-like objects held in a basic_­string object is designated by charT.
2
#
The member functions of basic_­string use an object of the Allocator class passed as a template parameter to allocate and free storage for the contained char-like objects.225
3
#
A basic_­string is a contiguous container ([container.requirements.general]).
4
#
In all cases, size() <= capacity().
5
#
The functions described in this Clause can report two kinds of errors, each associated with an exception type:
namespace std {
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>,
           class Allocator = allocator<charT>>
  class basic_string {
  public:
    // types:
    using traits_type            = traits;
    using value_type             = charT;
    using allocator_type         = Allocator;
    using size_type              = typename allocator_traits<Allocator>::size_type;
    using difference_type        = typename allocator_traits<Allocator>::difference_type;
    using pointer                = typename allocator_traits<Allocator>::pointer;
    using const_pointer          = typename allocator_traits<Allocator>::const_pointer;
    using reference              = value_type&;
    using const_reference        = const value_type&;

    using iterator               = implementation-defined; // see [container.requirements]
    using const_iterator         = implementation-defined; // see [container.requirements]
    using reverse_iterator       = std::reverse_iterator<iterator>;
    using const_reverse_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>;
    static const size_type npos  = -1;

    // [string.cons], construct/copy/destroy
    basic_string() noexcept(noexcept(Allocator())) : basic_string(Allocator()) { }
    explicit basic_string(const Allocator& a) noexcept;
    basic_string(const basic_string& str);
    basic_string(basic_string&& str) noexcept;
    basic_string(const basic_string& str, size_type pos,
                 const Allocator& a = Allocator());
    basic_string(const basic_string& str, size_type pos, size_type n,
                 const Allocator& a = Allocator());
    template<class T>
      basic_string(const T& t, size_type pos, size_type n,
                   const Allocator& a = Allocator());
    explicit basic_string(basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv,
                          const Allocator& a = Allocator());
    basic_string(const charT* s,
                 size_type n, const Allocator& a = Allocator());
    basic_string(const charT* s, const Allocator& a = Allocator());
    basic_string(size_type n, charT c, const Allocator& a = Allocator());
    template<class InputIterator>
      basic_string(InputIterator begin, InputIterator end,
                   const Allocator& a = Allocator());
    basic_string(initializer_list<charT>, const Allocator& = Allocator());
    basic_string(const basic_string&, const Allocator&);
    basic_string(basic_string&&, const Allocator&);

    ~basic_string();
    basic_string& operator=(const basic_string& str);
    basic_string& operator=(basic_string&& str)
      noexcept(allocator_traits<Allocator>::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value ||
               allocator_traits<Allocator>::is_always_equal::value);
    basic_string& operator=(basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv);
    basic_string& operator=(const charT* s);
    basic_string& operator=(charT c);
    basic_string& operator=(initializer_list<charT>);

    // [string.iterators], iterators
    iterator       begin() noexcept;
    const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
    iterator       end() noexcept;
    const_iterator end() const noexcept;

    reverse_iterator       rbegin() noexcept;
    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept;
    reverse_iterator       rend() noexcept;
    const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept;

    const_iterator         cbegin() const noexcept;
    const_iterator         cend() const noexcept;
    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
    const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept;

    // [string.capacity], capacity
    size_type size() const noexcept;
    size_type length() const noexcept;
    size_type max_size() const noexcept;
    void resize(size_type n, charT c);
    void resize(size_type n);
    size_type capacity() const noexcept;
    void reserve(size_type res_arg = 0);
    void shrink_to_fit();
    void clear() noexcept;
    bool empty() const noexcept;

    // [string.access], element access
    const_reference operator[](size_type pos) const;
    reference       operator[](size_type pos);
    const_reference at(size_type n) const;
    reference       at(size_type n);

    const charT& front() const;
    charT&       front();
    const charT& back() const;
    charT&       back();

    // [string.modifiers], modifiers
    basic_string& operator+=(const basic_string& str);
    basic_string& operator+=(basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv);
    basic_string& operator+=(const charT* s);
    basic_string& operator+=(charT c);
    basic_string& operator+=(initializer_list<charT>);
    basic_string& append(const basic_string& str);
    basic_string& append(const basic_string& str, size_type pos,
                         size_type n = npos);
    basic_string& append(basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv);
    template<class T>
      basic_string& append(const T& t, size_type pos, size_type n = npos);
    basic_string& append(const charT* s, size_type n);
    basic_string& append(const charT* s);
    basic_string& append(size_type n, charT c);
    template<class InputIterator>
      basic_string& append(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
    basic_string& append(initializer_list<charT>);
    void push_back(charT c);

    basic_string& assign(const basic_string& str);
    basic_string& assign(basic_string&& str)
      noexcept(allocator_traits<Allocator>::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value ||
               allocator_traits<Allocator>::is_always_equal::value);
    basic_string& assign(const basic_string& str, size_type pos,
                         size_type n = npos);
    basic_string& assign(basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv);
    template<class T>
      basic_string& assign(const T& t, size_type pos, size_type n = npos);
    basic_string& assign(const charT* s, size_type n);
    basic_string& assign(const charT* s);
    basic_string& assign(size_type n, charT c);
    template<class InputIterator>
      basic_string& assign(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
    basic_string& assign(initializer_list<charT>);

    basic_string& insert(size_type pos, const basic_string& str);
    basic_string& insert(size_type pos1, const basic_string& str,
                         size_type pos2, size_type n = npos);
    basic_string& insert(size_type pos, basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv);
    template<class T>
      basic_string& insert(size_type pos1, const T& t,
                           size_type pos2, size_type n = npos);
    basic_string& insert(size_type pos, const charT* s, size_type n);
    basic_string& insert(size_type pos, const charT* s);
    basic_string& insert(size_type pos, size_type n, charT c);
    iterator insert(const_iterator p, charT c);
    iterator insert(const_iterator p, size_type n, charT c);
    template<class InputIterator>
      iterator insert(const_iterator p, InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
    iterator insert(const_iterator p, initializer_list<charT>);

    basic_string& erase(size_type pos = 0, size_type n = npos);
    iterator erase(const_iterator p);
    iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);

    void pop_back();

    basic_string& replace(size_type pos1, size_type n1,
                          const basic_string& str);
    basic_string& replace(size_type pos1, size_type n1,
                          const basic_string& str,
                          size_type pos2, size_type n2 = npos);
    basic_string& replace(size_type pos1, size_type n1,
                          basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv);
    template<class T>
      basic_string& replace(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const T& t,
                            size_type pos2, size_type n2 = npos);
    basic_string& replace(size_type pos, size_type n1, const charT* s,
                          size_type n2);
    basic_string& replace(size_type pos, size_type n1, const charT* s);
    basic_string& replace(size_type pos, size_type n1, size_type n2,
                          charT c);

    basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2,
                          const basic_string& str);
    basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2,
                          basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv);
    basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, const charT* s,
                          size_type n);
    basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, const charT* s);
    basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2,
                          size_type n, charT c);
    template<class InputIterator>
      basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2,
                            InputIterator j1, InputIterator j2);
    basic_string& replace(const_iterator, const_iterator, initializer_list<charT>);

    size_type copy(charT* s, size_type n, size_type pos = 0) const;
    void swap(basic_string& str)
      noexcept(allocator_traits<Allocator>::propagate_on_container_swap::value ||
               allocator_traits<Allocator>::is_always_equal::value);

    // [string.ops], string operations
    const charT* c_str() const noexcept;
    const charT* data() const noexcept;
    charT* data() noexcept;
    operator basic_string_view<charT, traits>() const noexcept;
    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;

    size_type find (basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv,
                    size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
    size_type find (const basic_string& str, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
    size_type find (const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const;
    size_type find (const charT* s, size_type pos = 0) const;
    size_type find (charT c, size_type pos = 0) const;
    size_type rfind(basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv,
                    size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
    size_type rfind(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
    size_type rfind(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const;
    size_type rfind(const charT* s, size_type pos = npos) const;
    size_type rfind(charT c, size_type pos = npos) const;

    size_type find_first_of(basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv,
                            size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
    size_type find_first_of(const basic_string& str,
                            size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
    size_type find_first_of(const charT* s,
                            size_type pos, size_type n) const;
    size_type find_first_of(const charT* s, size_type pos = 0) const;
    size_type find_first_of(charT c, size_type pos = 0) const;
    size_type find_last_of (basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv,
                            size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
    size_type find_last_of (const basic_string& str,
                            size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
    size_type find_last_of (const charT* s,
                            size_type pos, size_type n) const;
    size_type find_last_of (const charT* s, size_type pos = npos) const;
    size_type find_last_of (charT c, size_type pos = npos) const;

    size_type find_first_not_of(basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv,
                                size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
    size_type find_first_not_of(const basic_string& str,
                                size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
    size_type find_first_not_of(const charT* s, size_type pos,
                                size_type n) const;
    size_type find_first_not_of(const charT* s, size_type pos = 0) const;
    size_type find_first_not_of(charT c, size_type pos = 0) const;
    size_type find_last_not_of (basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv,
                                size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
    size_type find_last_not_of (const basic_string& str,
                                size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
    size_type find_last_not_of (const charT* s, size_type pos,
                                size_type n) const;
    size_type find_last_not_of (const charT* s,
                                size_type pos = npos) const;
    size_type find_last_not_of (charT c, size_type pos = npos) const;

    basic_string substr(size_type pos = 0, size_type n = npos) const;
    int compare(basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv) const noexcept;
    int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1,
                basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv) const;
    template<class T>
      int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const T& t,
                  size_type pos2, size_type n2 = npos) const;
    int compare(const basic_string& str) const noexcept;
    int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1,
                const basic_string& str) const;
    int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1,
                const basic_string& str,
                size_type pos2, size_type n2 = npos) const;
    int compare(const charT* s) const;
    int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1,
                const charT* s) const;
    int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1,
                const charT* s, size_type n2) const;
  };

  template<class InputIterator,
           class Allocator = allocator<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>>
    basic_string(InputIterator, InputIterator, Allocator = Allocator())
      -> basic_string<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type,
                      char_traits<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>,
                      Allocator>;
}
225)
Allocator​::​value_­type must name the same type as charT ([string.require]).

24.3.2.1 basic_­string general requirements [string.require]

1
#
If any operation would cause size() to exceed max_­size(), that operation shall throw an exception object of type length_­error.
2
#
If any member function or operator of basic_­string throws an exception, that function or operator shall have no other effect.
3
#
In every specialization basic_­string<charT, traits, Allocator>, the type allocator_­traits<Allocator>​::​value_­type shall name the same type as charT.
Every object of type basic_­string<charT, traits, Allocator> shall use an object of type Allocator to allocate and free storage for the contained charT objects as needed.
The Allocator object used shall be obtained as described in [container.requirements.general].
In every specialization basic_­string<charT, traits, Allocator>, the type traits shall satisfy the character traits requirements ([char.traits]), and the type traits​::​char_­type shall name the same type as charT.
4
#
References, pointers, and iterators referring to the elements of a basic_­string sequence may be invalidated by the following uses of that basic_­string object:
  • (4.1)
    as an argument to any standard library function taking a reference to non-const basic_­string as an argument.226
  • (4.2)
    Calling non-const member functions, except operator[], at, data, front, back, begin, rbegin, end, and rend.
226)
For example, as an argument to non-member functions swap() ([string.special]), operator>>() ([string.io]), and getline() ([string.io]), or as an argument to basic_­string​::​swap().

24.3.2.2 basic_­string constructors and assignment operators [string.cons]

explicit basic_string(const Allocator& a) noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Constructs an object of class basic_­string.
The postconditions of this function are indicated in Table 50.
Table 50 — basic_­string(const Allocator&) effects
Element
Value
data()
a non-null pointer that is copyable and can have 0 added to it
size()
0
capacity()
an unspecified value
basic_string(const basic_string& str); basic_string(basic_string&& str) noexcept;
2
#
Effects: Constructs an object of class basic_­string as indicated in Table 51.
In the second form, str is left in a valid state with an unspecified value.
Table 51 — basic_­string(const basic_­string&) effects
Element
Value
data()
points at the first element of an allocated copy of the array whose first element is pointed at by str.data()
size()
str.size()
capacity()
a value at least as large as size()
basic_string(const basic_string& str, size_type pos, const Allocator& a = Allocator());
3
#
Throws: out_­of_­range if pos > str.size().
4
#
Effects: Constructs an object of class basic_­string and determines the effective length rlen of the initial string value as str.size() - pos, as indicated in Table 52.
basic_string(const basic_string& str, size_type pos, size_type n, const Allocator& a = Allocator());
5
#
Throws: out_­of_­range if pos > str.size().
6
#
Effects: Constructs an object of class basic_­string and determines the effective length rlen of the initial string value as the smaller of n and str.size() - pos, as indicated in Table 52.
Table 52 — basic_­string(const basic_­string&, size_­type, const Allocator&) and
basic_­string(const basic_­string&, size_­type, size_­type, const Allocator&) effects
Element
Value
data()
points at the first element of an allocated copy of rlen consecutive elements of the string controlled by str beginning at position pos
size()
rlen
capacity()
a value at least as large as size()
template<class T> basic_string(const T& t, size_type pos, size_type n, const Allocator& a = Allocator());
7
#
Effects: Creates a variable, sv, as if by basic_­string_­view<charT, traits> sv = t; and then behaves the same as: 
basic_string(sv.substr(pos, n), a);
8
#
Remarks: This constructor shall not participate in overload resolution unless is_­convertible_­v<const T&, basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>> is true.
explicit basic_string(basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv, const Allocator& a = Allocator());
9
#
Effects: Same as basic_­string(sv.data(), sv.size(), a).
basic_string(const charT* s, size_type n, const Allocator& a = Allocator());
10
#
Requires: s points to an array of at least n elements of charT.
11
#
Effects: Constructs an object of class basic_­string and determines its initial string value from the array of charT of length n whose first element is designated by s, as indicated in Table 53.
Table 53 — basic_­string(const charT*, size_­type, const Allocator&) effects
Element
Value
data()
points at the first element of an allocated copy of the array whose first element is pointed at by s
size()
n
capacity()
a value at least as large as size()
basic_string(const charT* s, const Allocator& a = Allocator());
12
#
Requires: s points to an array of at least traits​::​length(s) + 1 elements of charT.
13
#
Effects: Constructs an object of class basic_­string and determines its initial string value from the array of charT of length traits​::​length(s) whose first element is designated by s, as indicated in Table 54.
Table 54 — basic_­string(const charT*, const Allocator&) effects
Element
Value
data()
points at the first element of an allocated copy of the array whose first element is pointed at by s
size()
traits​::​length(s)
capacity()
a value at least as large as size()
basic_string(size_type n, charT c, const Allocator& a = Allocator());
14
#
Requires: n < npos.
15
#
Effects: Constructs an object of class basic_­string and determines its initial string value by repeating the char-like object c for all n elements, as indicated in Table 55.
Table 55 — basic_­string(size_­t, charT, const Allocator&) effects
Element
Value
data()
points at the first element of an allocated array of n elements, each storing the initial value c
size()
n
capacity()
a value at least as large as size()
template<class InputIterator> basic_string(InputIterator begin, InputIterator end, const Allocator& a = Allocator());
16
#
Effects: If InputIterator is an integral type, equivalent to: 
basic_string(static_cast<size_type>(begin), static_cast<value_type>(end), a);
Otherwise constructs a string from the values in the range [begin, end), as indicated in the Sequence Requirements table (see [sequence.reqmts]).
basic_string(initializer_list<charT> il, const Allocator& a = Allocator());
17
#
Effects: Same as basic_­string(il.begin(), il.end(), a).
basic_string(const basic_string& str, const Allocator& alloc); basic_string(basic_string&& str, const Allocator& alloc);
18
#
Effects: Constructs an object of class basic_­string as indicated in Table 56.
The stored allocator is constructed from alloc.
In the second form, str is left in a valid state with an unspecified value.
Table 56 — basic_­string(const basic_­string&, const Allocator&)
and basic_­string(basic_­string&&, const Allocator&) effects
Element
Value
data()
points at the first element of an allocated copy of the array whose first element is pointed at by the original value of str.data().
size()
the original value of str.size()
capacity()
a value at least as large as size()
get_­allocator()
alloc
19
#
Throws: The second form throws nothing if alloc == str.get_­allocator().
template<class InputIterator, class Allocator = allocator<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>> basic_string(InputIterator, InputIterator, Allocator = Allocator()) -> basic_string<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type, char_traits<typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>, Allocator>;
20
#
Remarks: Shall not participate in overload resolution if InputIterator is a type that does not qualify as an input iterator, or if Allocator is a type that does not qualify as an allocator ([container.requirements.general]).
basic_string& operator=(const basic_string& str);
21
#
Effects: If *this and str are not the same object, modifies *this as shown in Table 57.
22
#
If *this and str are the same object, the member has no effect.
23
#
Returns: *this.
Table 57 — operator=(const basic_­string&) effects
Element
Value
data()
points at the first element of an allocated copy of the array whose first element is pointed at by str.data()
size()
str.size()
capacity()
a value at least as large as size()
basic_string& operator=(basic_string&& str) noexcept(allocator_traits<Allocator>::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value || allocator_traits<Allocator>::is_always_equal::value);
24
#
Effects: Move assigns as a sequence container ([container.requirements]), except that iterators, pointers and references may be invalidated.
25
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& operator=(basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv);
26
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return assign(sv);
basic_string& operator=(const charT* s);
27
#
Returns: *this = basic_­string(s).
28
#
Remarks: Uses traits​::​length().
basic_string& operator=(charT c);
29
#
Returns: *this = basic_­string(1, c).
basic_string& operator=(initializer_list<charT> il);
30
#
Effects: As if by: *this = basic_­string(il);
31
#
Returns: *this.

24.3.2.3 basic_­string iterator support [string.iterators]

iterator begin() noexcept; const_iterator begin() const noexcept; const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept;
1
#
Returns: An iterator referring to the first character in the string.
iterator end() noexcept; const_iterator end() const noexcept; const_iterator cend() const noexcept;
2
#
Returns: An iterator which is the past-the-end value.
reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept; const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept; const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
3
#
Returns: An iterator which is semantically equivalent to reverse_­iterator(end()).
reverse_iterator rend() noexcept; const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept; const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept;
4
#
Returns: An iterator which is semantically equivalent to reverse_­iterator(begin()).

24.3.2.4 basic_­string capacity [string.capacity]

size_type size() const noexcept;
1
#
Returns: A count of the number of char-like objects currently in the string.
2
#
Complexity: Constant time.
size_type length() const noexcept;
3
#
Returns: size().
size_type max_size() const noexcept;
4
#
Returns: The largest possible number of char-like objects that can be stored in a basic_­string.
5
#
Complexity: Constant time.
void resize(size_type n, charT c);
6
#
Throws: length_­error if n > max_­size().
7
#
Effects: Alters the length of the string designated by *this as follows:
  • (7.1)
    If n <= size(), the function replaces the string designated by *this with a string of length n whose elements are a copy of the initial elements of the original string designated by *this.
  • (7.2)
    If n > size(), the function replaces the string designated by *this with a string of length n whose first size() elements are a copy of the original string designated by *this, and whose remaining elements are all initialized to c.
void resize(size_type n);
8
#
Effects: As if by resize(n, charT()).
size_type capacity() const noexcept;
9
#
Returns: The size of the allocated storage in the string.
void reserve(size_type res_arg=0);
10
#
The member function reserve() is a directive that informs a basic_­string object of a planned change in size, so that it can manage the storage allocation accordingly.
11
#
Effects: After reserve(), capacity() is greater or equal to the argument of reserve.
[ Note
:
Calling reserve() with a res_­arg argument less than capacity() is in effect a non-binding shrink request.
A call with res_­arg <= size() is in effect a non-binding shrink-to-fit request.
— end note
 ]
12
#
Throws: length_­error if res_­arg > max_­size().227
void shrink_to_fit();
13
#
Effects: shrink_­to_­fit is a non-binding request to reduce capacity() to size().
[ Note
:
The request is non-binding to allow latitude for implementation-specific optimizations.
— end note
 ]
It does not increase capacity(), but may reduce capacity() by causing reallocation.
14
#
Complexity: Linear in the size of the sequence.
15
#
Remarks: Reallocation invalidates all the references, pointers, and iterators referring to the elements in the sequence as well as the past-the-end iterator.
If no reallocation happens, they remain valid.
void clear() noexcept;
16
#
Effects: Behaves as if the function calls:
erase(begin(), end());
bool empty() const noexcept;
17
#
Returns: size() == 0.
227)
reserve() uses allocator_­traits<Allocator>​::​allocate() which may throw an appropriate exception.

24.3.2.5 basic_­string element access [string.access]

const_reference operator[](size_type pos) const; reference operator[](size_type pos);
1
#
Requires: pos <= size().
2
#
Returns: *(begin() + pos) if pos < size().
Otherwise, returns a reference to an object of type charT with value charT(), where modifying the object to any value other than charT() leads to undefined behavior.
3
#
Throws: Nothing.
4
#
Complexity: Constant time.
const_reference at(size_type pos) const; reference at(size_type pos);
5
#
Throws: out_­of_­range if pos >= size().
6
#
Returns: operator[](pos).
const charT& front() const; charT& front();
7
#
Requires: !empty().
8
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return operator[](0);
const charT& back() const; charT& back();
9
#
Requires: !empty().
10
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return operator[](size() - 1);

24.3.2.6 basic_­string modifiers [string.modifiers]

24.3.2.6.1 basic_­string​::​operator+= [string.op+=]

basic_string& operator+=(const basic_string& str);
1
#
Effects: Calls append(str).
2
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& operator+=(basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv);
3
#
Effects: Calls append(sv).
4
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& operator+=(const charT* s);
5
#
Effects: Calls append(s).
6
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& operator+=(charT c);
7
#
Effects: Calls push_­back(c);
8
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& operator+=(initializer_list<charT> il);
9
#
Effects: Calls append(il).
10
#
Returns: *this.

24.3.2.6.2 basic_­string​::​append [string.append]

basic_string& append(const basic_string& str);
1
#
Effects: Calls append(str.data(), str.size()).
2
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& append(const basic_string& str, size_type pos, size_type n = npos);
3
#
Throws: out_­of_­range if pos > str.size().
4
#
Effects: Determines the effective length rlen of the string to append as the smaller of n and str.size() - pos and calls append(str.data() + pos, rlen).
5
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& append(basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv);
6
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return append(sv.data(), sv.size());
template<class T> basic_string& append(const T& t, size_type pos, size_type n = npos);
7
#
Throws: out_­of_­range if pos > sv.size().
8
#
Effects: Creates a variable, sv, as if by basic_­string_­view<charT, traits> sv = t.
Determines the effective length rlen of the string to append as the smaller of n and sv.size() - pos and calls append(sv.data() + pos, rlen).
9
#
Remarks: This function shall not participate in overload resolution unless is_­convertible_­v<const T&, basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>> is true and is_­convertible_­v<const T&, const charT*> is false.
10
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& append(const charT* s, size_type n);
11
#
Requires: s points to an array of at least n elements of charT.
12
#
Throws: length_­error if size() + n > max_­size().
13
#
Effects: The function replaces the string controlled by *this with a string of length size() + n whose first size() elements are a copy of the original string controlled by *this and whose remaining elements are a copy of the initial n elements of s.
14
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& append(const charT* s);
15
#
Requires: s points to an array of at least traits​::​length(s) + 1 elements of charT.
16
#
Effects: Calls append(s, traits​::​length(s)).
17
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& append(size_type n, charT c);
18
#
Effects: Equivalent to append(basic_­string(n, c)).
19
#
Returns: *this.
template<class InputIterator> basic_string& append(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
20
#
Requires:[first, last) is a valid range.
21
#
Effects: Equivalent to append(basic_­string(first, last, get_­allocator())).
22
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& append(initializer_list<charT> il);
23
#
Effects: Calls append(il.begin(), il.size()).
24
#
Returns: *this.
void push_back(charT c);
25
#
Effects: Equivalent to append(static_­cast<size_­type>(1), c).

24.3.2.6.3 basic_­string​::​assign [string.assign]

basic_string& assign(const basic_string& str);
1
#
Effects: Equivalent to *this = str.
2
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& assign(basic_string&& str) noexcept(allocator_traits<Allocator>::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value || allocator_traits<Allocator>::is_always_equal::value);
3
#
Effects: Equivalent to *this = std​::​move(str).
4
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& assign(const basic_string& str, size_type pos, size_type n = npos);
5
#
Throws: out_­of_­range if pos > str.size().
6
#
Effects: Determines the effective length rlen of the string to assign as the smaller of n and str.size() - pos and calls assign(str.data() + pos, rlen).
7
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& assign(basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv);
8
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return assign(sv.data(), sv.size());
template<class T> basic_string& assign(const T& t, size_type pos, size_type n = npos);
9
#
Throws: out_­of_­range if pos > sv.size().
10
#
Effects: Creates a variable, sv, as if by basic_­string_­view<charT, traits> sv = t.
Determines the effective length rlen of the string to assign as the smaller of n and sv.size() - pos and calls assign(sv.data() + pos, rlen).
11
#
Remarks: This function shall not participate in overload resolution unless is_­convertible_­v<const T&, basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>> is true and is_­convertible_­v<const T&, const charT*> is false.
12
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& assign(const charT* s, size_type n);
13
#
Requires: s points to an array of at least n elements of charT.
14
#
Throws: length_­error if n > max_­size().
15
#
Effects: Replaces the string controlled by *this with a string of length n whose elements are a copy of those pointed to by s.
16
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& assign(const charT* s);
17
#
Requires: s points to an array of at least traits​::​length(s) + 1 elements of charT.
18
#
Effects: Calls assign(s, traits​::​length(s)).
19
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& assign(initializer_list<charT> il);
20
#
Effects: Calls assign(il.begin(), il.size()).
21
#
*this.
basic_string& assign(size_type n, charT c);
22
#
Effects: Equivalent to assign(basic_­string(n, c)).
23
#
Returns: *this.
template<class InputIterator> basic_string& assign(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
24
#
Effects: Equivalent to assign(basic_­string(first, last, get_­allocator())).
25
#
Returns: *this.

24.3.2.6.4 basic_­string​::​insert [string.insert]

basic_string& insert(size_type pos, const basic_string& str);
1
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return insert(pos, str.data(), str.size());
basic_string& insert(size_type pos1, const basic_string& str, size_type pos2, size_type n = npos);
2
#
Throws: out_­of_­range if pos1 > size() or pos2 > str.size().
3
#
Effects: Determines the effective length rlen of the string to insert as the smaller of n and str.size() - pos2 and calls insert(pos1, str.data() + pos2, rlen).
4
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& insert(size_type pos, basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv);
5
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return insert(pos, sv.data(), sv.size());
template<class T> basic_string& insert(size_type pos1, const T& t, size_type pos2, size_type n = npos);
6
#
Throws: out_­of_­range if pos1 > size() or pos2 > sv.size().
7
#
Effects: Creates a variable, sv, as if by basic_­string_­view<charT, traits> sv = t.
Determines the effective length rlen of the string to assign as the smaller of n and sv.size() - pos2 and calls insert(pos1, sv.data() + pos2, rlen).
8
#
Remarks: This function shall not participate in overload resolution unless is_­convertible_­v<const T&, basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>> is true and is_­convertible_­v<const T&, const charT*> is false.
9
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& insert(size_type pos, const charT* s, size_type n);
10
#
Requires: s points to an array of at least n elements of charT.
11
#
Throws: out_­of_­range if pos > size() or length_­error if size() + n > max_­size().
12
#
Effects: Replaces the string controlled by *this with a string of length size() + n whose first pos elements are a copy of the initial elements of the original string controlled by *this and whose next n elements are a copy of the elements in s and whose remaining elements are a copy of the remaining elements of the original string controlled by *this.
13
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& insert(size_type pos, const charT* s);
14
#
Requires: s points to an array of at least traits​::​length(s) + 1 elements of charT.
15
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return insert(pos, s, traits​::​length(s));
basic_string& insert(size_type pos, size_type n, charT c);
16
#
Effects: Equivalent to insert(pos, basic_­string(n, c)).
17
#
Returns: *this.
iterator insert(const_iterator p, charT c);
18
#
Requires: p is a valid iterator on *this.
19
#
Effects: Inserts a copy of c before the character referred to by p.
20
#
Returns: An iterator which refers to the copy of the inserted character.
iterator insert(const_iterator p, size_type n, charT c);
21
#
Requires: p is a valid iterator on *this.
22
#
Effects: Inserts n copies of c before the character referred to by p.
23
#
Returns: An iterator which refers to the copy of the first inserted character, or p if n == 0.
template<class InputIterator> iterator insert(const_iterator p, InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
24
#
Requires: p is a valid iterator on *this.
[first, last) is a valid range.
25
#
Effects: Equivalent to insert(p - begin(), basic_­string(first, last, get_­allocator())).
26
#
Returns: An iterator which refers to the copy of the first inserted character, or p if first == last.
iterator insert(const_iterator p, initializer_list<charT> il);
27
#
Effects: As if by insert(p, il.begin(), il.end()).
28
#
Returns: An iterator which refers to the copy of the first inserted character, or p if i1 is empty.

24.3.2.6.5 basic_­string​::​erase [string.erase]

basic_string& erase(size_type pos = 0, size_type n = npos);
1
#
Throws: out_­of_­range if pos > size().
2
#
Effects: Determines the effective length xlen of the string to be removed as the smaller of n and size() - pos.
3
#
The function then replaces the string controlled by *this with a string of length size() - xlen whose first pos elements are a copy of the initial elements of the original string controlled by *this, and whose remaining elements are a copy of the elements of the original string controlled by *this beginning at position pos + xlen.
4
#
Returns: *this.
iterator erase(const_iterator p);
5
#
Throws: Nothing.
6
#
Effects: Removes the character referred to by p.
7
#
Returns: An iterator which points to the element immediately following p prior to the element being erased.
If no such element exists, end() is returned.
iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
8
#
Requires: first and last are valid iterators on *this, defining a range [first, last).
9
#
Throws: Nothing.
10
#
Effects: Removes the characters in the range [first, last).
11
#
Returns: An iterator which points to the element pointed to by last prior to the other elements being erased.
If no such element exists, end() is returned.
void pop_back();
12
#
Requires: !empty().
13
#
Throws: Nothing.
14
#
Effects: Equivalent to erase(size() - 1, 1).

24.3.2.6.6 basic_­string​::​replace [string.replace]

basic_string& replace(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const basic_string& str);
1
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return replace(pos1, n1, str.data(), str.size());
basic_string& replace(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const basic_string& str, size_type pos2, size_type n2 = npos);
2
#
Throws: out_­of_­range if pos1 > size() or pos2 > str.size().
3
#
Effects: Determines the effective length rlen of the string to be inserted as the smaller of n2 and str.size() - pos2 and calls replace(pos1, n1, str.data() + pos2, rlen).
4
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& replace(size_type pos1, size_type n1, basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv);
5
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return replace(pos1, n1, sv.data(), sv.size());
template<class T> basic_string& replace(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const T& t, size_type pos2, size_type n2 = npos);
6
#
Throws: out_­of_­range if pos1 > size() or pos2 > sv.size().
7
#
Effects: Creates a variable, sv, as if by basic_­string_­view<charT, traits> sv = t.
Determines the effective length rlen of the string to be inserted as the smaller of n2 and sv.size() - pos2 and calls replace(pos1, n1, sv.data() + pos2, rlen).
8
#
Remarks: This function shall not participate in overload resolution unless is_­convertible_­v<const T&, basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>> is true and is_­convertible_­v<const T&, const charT*> is false.
9
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& replace(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const charT* s, size_type n2);
10
#
Requires: s points to an array of at least n2 elements of charT.
11
#
Throws: out_­of_­range if pos1 > size() or length_­error if the length of the resulting string would exceed max_­size() (see below).
12
#
Effects: Determines the effective length xlen of the string to be removed as the smaller of n1 and size() - pos1.
If size() - xlen >= max_­size() - n2 throws length_­error.
Otherwise, the function replaces the string controlled by *this with a string of length size() - xlen + n2 whose first pos1 elements are a copy of the initial elements of the original string controlled by *this, whose next n2 elements are a copy of the initial n2 elements of s, and whose remaining elements are a copy of the elements of the original string controlled by *this beginning at position pos + xlen.
13
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& replace(size_type pos, size_type n, const charT* s);
14
#
Requires: s points to an array of at least traits​::​length(s) + 1 elements of charT.
15
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return replace(pos, n, s, traits​::​length(s));
basic_string& replace(size_type pos1, size_type n1, size_type n2, charT c);
16
#
Effects: Equivalent to replace(pos1, n1, basic_­string(n2, c)).
17
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, const basic_string& str);
18
#
Requires: [begin(), i1) and [i1, i2) are valid ranges.
19
#
Effects: Calls replace(i1 - begin(), i2 - i1, str).
20
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv);
21
#
Requires: [begin(), i1) and [i1, i2) are valid ranges.
22
#
Effects: Calls replace(i1 - begin(), i2 - i1, sv).
23
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, const charT* s, size_type n);
24
#
Requires:[begin(), i1) and [i1, i2) are valid ranges and s points to an array of at least n elements of charT.
25
#
Effects: Calls replace(i1 - begin(), i2 - i1, s, n).
26
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, const charT* s);
27
#
Requires:[begin(), i1) and [i1, i2) are valid ranges and s points to an array of at least traits​::​​length(s) + 1 elements of charT.
28
#
Effects: Calls replace(i1 - begin(), i2 - i1, s, traits​::​length(s)).
29
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, size_type n, charT c);
30
#
Requires:[begin(), i1) and [i1, i2) are valid ranges.
31
#
Effects: Calls replace(i1 - begin(), i2 - i1, basic_­string(n, c)).
32
#
Returns: *this.
template<class InputIterator> basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, InputIterator j1, InputIterator j2);
33
#
Requires:[begin(), i1), [i1, i2) and [j1, j2) are valid ranges.
34
#
Effects: Calls replace(i1 - begin(), i2 - i1, basic_­string(j1, j2, get_­allocator())).
35
#
Returns: *this.
basic_string& replace(const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, initializer_list<charT> il);
36
#
Requires:[begin(), i1) and [i1, i2) are valid ranges.
37
#
Effects: Calls replace(i1 - begin(), i2 - i1, il.begin(), il.size()).
38
#
Returns: *this.

24.3.2.6.7 basic_­string​::​copy [string.copy]

size_type copy(charT* s, size_type n, size_type pos = 0) const;
1
#
Let rlen be the smaller of n and size() - pos.
2
#
Throws: out_­of_­range if pos > size().
3
#
Requires: [s, s + rlen) is a valid range.
4
#
Effects: Equivalent to: traits​::​copy(s, data() + pos, rlen).
[ Note
:
This does not terminate s with a null object.
— end note
 ]
5
#
Returns: rlen.

24.3.2.6.8 basic_­string​::​swap [string.swap]

void swap(basic_string& s) noexcept(allocator_traits<Allocator>::propagate_on_container_swap::value || allocator_traits<Allocator>::is_always_equal::value);
1
#
Postconditions: *this contains the same sequence of characters that was in s, s contains the same sequence of characters that was in *this.
2
#
Throws: Nothing.
3
#
Complexity: Constant time.

24.3.2.7 basic_­string string operations [string.ops]

24.3.2.7.1 basic_­string accessors [string.accessors]

const charT* c_str() const noexcept; const charT* data() const noexcept;
1
#
Returns: A pointer p such that p + i == &operator[](i) for each i in [0, size()].
2
#
Complexity: Constant time.
3
#
Requires: The program shall not alter any of the values stored in the character array.
charT* data() noexcept;
4
#
Returns: A pointer p such that p + i == &operator[](i) for each i in [0, size()].
5
#
Complexity: Constant time.
6
#
Requires: The program shall not alter the value stored at p + size().
operator basic_string_view<charT, traits>() const noexcept;
7
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>(data(), size());
allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
8
#
Returns: A copy of the Allocator object used to construct the string or, if that allocator has been replaced, a copy of the most recent replacement.

24.3.2.7.2 basic_­string​::​find [string.find]

size_type find(basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Determines the lowest position xpos, if possible, such that both of the following conditions hold:
  • (1.1)
    pos <= xpos and xpos + sv.size() <= size();
  • (1.2)
    traits​::​eq(at(xpos + I), sv.at(I)) for all elements I of the data referenced by sv.
2
#
Returns: xpos if the function can determine such a value for xpos.
Otherwise, returns npos.
size_type find(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
3
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return find(basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>(str), pos);
size_type find(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const;
4
#
Returns: find(basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>(s, n), pos).
size_type find(const charT* s, size_type pos = 0) const;
5
#
Requires: s points to an array of at least traits​::​length(s) + 1 elements of charT.
6
#
Returns: find(basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>(s), pos).
size_type find(charT c, size_type pos = 0) const;
7
#
Returns: find(basic_­string(1, c), pos).

24.3.2.7.3 basic_­string​::​rfind [string.rfind]

size_type rfind(basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Determines the highest position xpos, if possible, such that both of the following conditions hold:
  • (1.1)
    xpos <= pos and xpos + sv.size() <= size();
  • (1.2)
    traits​::​eq(at(xpos + I), sv.at(I)) for all elements I of the data referenced by sv.
2
#
Returns: xpos if the function can determine such a value for xpos.
Otherwise, returns npos.
size_type rfind(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
3
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return rfind(basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>(str), pos);
size_type rfind(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const;
4
#
Returns: rfind(basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>(s, n), pos).
size_type rfind(const charT* s, size_type pos = npos) const;
5
#
Requires: s points to an array of at least traits​::​length(s) + 1 elements of charT.
6
#
Returns: rfind(basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>(s), pos).
size_type rfind(charT c, size_type pos = npos) const;
7
#
Returns: rfind(basic_­string(1, c), pos).

24.3.2.7.4 basic_­string​::​find_­first_­of [string.find.first.of]

size_type find_first_of(basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Determines the lowest position xpos, if possible, such that both of the following conditions hold:
  • (1.1)
    pos <= xpos and xpos < size();
  • (1.2)
    traits​::​eq(at(xpos), sv.at(I)) for some element I of the data referenced by sv.
2
#
Returns: xpos if the function can determine such a value for xpos.
Otherwise, returns npos.
size_type find_first_of(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
3
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return find_­first_­of(basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>(str), pos);
size_type find_first_of(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const;
4
#
Returns: find_­first_­of(basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>(s, n), pos).
size_type find_first_of(const charT* s, size_type pos = 0) const;
5
#
Requires: s points to an array of at least traits​::​length(s) + 1 elements of charT.
6
#
Returns: find_­first_­of(basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>(s), pos).
size_type find_first_of(charT c, size_type pos = 0) const;
7
#
Returns: find_­first_­of(basic_­string(1, c), pos).

24.3.2.7.5 basic_­string​::​find_­last_­of [string.find.last.of]

size_type find_last_of(basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Determines the highest position xpos, if possible, such that both of the following conditions hold:
  • (1.1)
    xpos <= pos and xpos < size();
  • (1.2)
    traits​::​eq(at(xpos), sv.at(I)) for some element I of the data referenced by sv.
2
#
Returns: xpos if the function can determine such a value for xpos.
Otherwise, returns npos.
size_type find_last_of(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
3
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return find_­last_­of(basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>(str), pos);
size_type find_last_of(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const;
4
#
Returns: find_­last_­of(basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>(s, n), pos).
size_type find_last_of(const charT* s, size_type pos = npos) const;
5
#
Requires: s points to an array of at least traits​::​length(s) + 1 elements of charT.
6
#
Returns: find_­last_­of(basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>(s), pos).
size_type find_last_of(charT c, size_type pos = npos) const;
7
#
Returns: find_­last_­of(basic_­string(1, c), pos).

24.3.2.7.6 basic_­string​::​find_­first_­not_­of [string.find.first.not.of]

size_type find_first_not_of(basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Determines the lowest position xpos, if possible, such that both of the following conditions hold:
  • (1.1)
    pos <= xpos and xpos < size();
  • (1.2)
    traits​::​eq(at(xpos), sv.at(I)) for no element I of the data referenced by sv.
2
#
Returns: xpos if the function can determine such a value for xpos.
Otherwise, returns npos.
size_type find_first_not_of(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
3
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return find_first_not_of(basic_string_view<charT, traits>(str), pos);
size_type find_first_not_of(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const;
4
#
Returns: find_­first_­not_­of(basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>(s, n), pos).
size_type find_first_not_of(const charT* s, size_type pos = 0) const;
5
#
Requires: s points to an array of at least traits​::​length(s) + 1 elements of charT.
6
#
Returns: find_­first_­not_­of(basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>(s), pos).
size_type find_first_not_of(charT c, size_type pos = 0) const;
7
#
Returns: find_­first_­not_­of(basic_­string(1, c), pos).

24.3.2.7.7 basic_­string​::​find_­last_­not_­of [string.find.last.not.of]

size_type find_last_not_of(basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Determines the highest position xpos, if possible, such that both of the following conditions hold:
  • (1.1)
    xpos <= pos and xpos < size();
  • (1.2)
    traits​::​eq(at(xpos), sv.at(I)) for no element I of the data referenced by sv.
2
#
Returns: xpos if the function can determine such a value for xpos.
Otherwise, returns npos.
size_type find_last_not_of(const basic_string& str, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
3
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return find_last_not_of(basic_string_view<charT, traits>(str), pos);
size_type find_last_not_of(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const;
4
#
Returns: find_­last_­not_­of(basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>(s, n), pos).
size_type find_last_not_of(const charT* s, size_type pos = npos) const;
5
#
Requires: s points to an array of at least traits​::​length(s) + 1 elements of charT.
6
#
Returns: find_­last_­not_­of(basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>(s), pos).
size_type find_last_not_of(charT c, size_type pos = npos) const;
7
#
Returns: find_­last_­not_­of(basic_­string(1, c), pos).

24.3.2.7.8 basic_­string​::​substr [string.substr]

basic_string substr(size_type pos = 0, size_type n = npos) const;
1
#
Throws: out_­of_­range if pos > size().
2
#
Effects: Determines the effective length rlen of the string to copy as the smaller of n and size() - pos.
3
#
Returns: basic_­string(data()+pos, rlen).

24.3.2.7.9 basic_­string​::​compare [string.compare]

int compare(basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv) const noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Determines the effective length rlen of the strings to compare as the smaller of size() and sv.size().
The function then compares the two strings by calling traits​::​compare(data(), sv.data(), rlen).
2
#
Returns: The nonzero result if the result of the comparison is nonzero.
Otherwise, returns a value as indicated in Table 58.
Table 58 — compare() results
Condition
Return Value
size() <  sv.size()
< 0
size() == sv.size()
 0
size() >  sv.size()
> 0
int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv) const;
3
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return basic_string_view<charT, traits>(data(), size()).substr(pos1, n1).compare(sv);
template<class T> int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const T& t, size_type pos2, size_type n2 = npos) const;
4
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
basic_string_view<charT, traits> sv = t;
return basic_string_view<charT, traits>(
    data(), size()).substr(pos1, n1).compare(sv.substr(pos2, n2));
5
#
Remarks: This function shall not participate in overload resolution unless is_­convertible_­v<const T&, basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>> is true and is_­convertible_­v<const T&, const charT*> is false.
int compare(const basic_string& str) const noexcept;
6
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return compare(basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>(str));
int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const basic_string& str) const;
7
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return compare(pos1, n1, basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>(str));
int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const basic_string& str, size_type pos2, size_type n2 = npos) const;
8
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return compare(pos1, n1, basic_string_view<charT, traits>(str), pos2, n2);
int compare(const charT* s) const;
9
#
Returns: compare(basic_­string(s)).
int compare(size_type pos, size_type n1, const charT* s) const;
10
#
Returns: basic_­string(*this, pos, n1).compare(basic_­string(s)).
int compare(size_type pos, size_type n1, const charT* s, size_type n2) const;
11
#
Returns: basic_­string(*this, pos, n1).compare(basic_­string(s, n2)).

24.3.3 basic_­string non-member functions [string.nonmembers]

24.3.3.1 operator+ [string.op+]

template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> operator+(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs);
1
#
Returns: basic_­string<charT, traits, Allocator>(lhs).append(rhs).
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> operator+(basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs);
2
#
Returns: std​::​move(lhs.append(rhs)).
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> operator+(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& rhs);
3
#
Returns: std​::​move(rhs.insert(0, lhs)).
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> operator+(basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& lhs, basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& rhs);
4
#
Returns: std​::​move(lhs.append(rhs)).
[ Note
:
Or equivalently, std​::​move(rhs.insert(0, lhs)).
— end note
 ]
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> operator+(const charT* lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs);
5
#
Returns: basic_­string<charT, traits, Allocator>(lhs) + rhs.
6
#
Remarks: Uses traits​::​length().
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> operator+(const charT* lhs, basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& rhs);
7
#
Returns: std​::​move(rhs.insert(0, lhs)).
8
#
Remarks: Uses traits​::​length().
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> operator+(charT lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs);
9
#
Returns: basic_­string<charT, traits, Allocator>(1, lhs) + rhs.
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> operator+(charT lhs, basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& rhs);
10
#
Returns: std​::​move(rhs.insert(0, 1, lhs)).
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> operator+(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const charT* rhs);
11
#
Returns: lhs + basic_­string<charT, traits, Allocator>(rhs).
12
#
Remarks: Uses traits​::​length().
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> operator+(basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& lhs, const charT* rhs);
13
#
Returns: std​::​move(lhs.append(rhs)).
14
#
Remarks: Uses traits​::​length().
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> operator+(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, charT rhs);
15
#
Returns: lhs + basic_­string<charT, traits, Allocator>(1, rhs).
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> operator+(basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& lhs, charT rhs);
16
#
Returns: std​::​move(lhs.append(1, rhs)).

24.3.3.2 operator== [string.operator==]

template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> bool operator==(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: lhs.compare(rhs) == 0.
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> bool operator==(const charT* lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs);
2
#
Returns: rhs == lhs.
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> bool operator==(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const charT* rhs);
3
#
Requires: rhs points to an array of at least traits​::​length(rhs) + 1 elements of charT.
4
#
Returns: lhs.compare(rhs) == 0.

24.3.3.3 operator!= [string.op!=]

template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> bool operator!=(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: !(lhs == rhs).
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> bool operator!=(const charT* lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs);
2
#
Returns: rhs != lhs.
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> bool operator!=(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const charT* rhs);
3
#
Requires: rhs points to an array of at least traits​::​length(rhs) + 1 elements of charT.
4
#
Returns: lhs.compare(rhs) != 0.

24.3.3.4 operator< [string.op<]

template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> bool operator< (const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: lhs.compare(rhs) < 0.
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> bool operator< (const charT* lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs);
2
#
Returns: rhs.compare(lhs) > 0.
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> bool operator< (const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const charT* rhs);
3
#
Returns: lhs.compare(rhs) < 0.

24.3.3.5 operator> [string.op>]

template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> bool operator> (const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: lhs.compare(rhs) > 0.
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> bool operator> (const charT* lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs);
2
#
Returns: rhs.compare(lhs) < 0.
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> bool operator> (const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const charT* rhs);
3
#
Returns: lhs.compare(rhs) > 0.

24.3.3.6 operator<= [string.op<=]

template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> bool operator<=(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: lhs.compare(rhs) <= 0.
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> bool operator<=(const charT* lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs);
2
#
Returns: rhs.compare(lhs) >= 0.
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> bool operator<=(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const charT* rhs);
3
#
Returns: lhs.compare(rhs) <= 0.

24.3.3.7 operator>= [string.op>=]

template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> bool operator>=(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: lhs.compare(rhs) >= 0.
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> bool operator>=(const charT* lhs, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs);
2
#
Returns: rhs.compare(lhs) <= 0.
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> bool operator>=(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, const charT* rhs);
3
#
Returns: lhs.compare(rhs) >= 0.

24.3.3.8 swap [string.special]

template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> void swap(basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& lhs, basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& rhs) noexcept(noexcept(lhs.swap(rhs)));
1
#
Effects: Equivalent to: lhs.swap(rhs);

24.3.3.9 Inserters and extractors [string.io]

template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> basic_istream<charT, traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& str);
1
#
Effects: Behaves as a formatted input function ([istream.formatted.reqmts]).
After constructing a sentry object, if the sentry converts to true, calls str.erase() and then extracts characters from is and appends them to str as if by calling str.append(1, c).
If is.width() is greater than zero, the maximum number n of characters appended is is.width(); otherwise n is str.max_­size().
Characters are extracted and appended until any of the following occurs:
  • (1.1)
    n characters are stored;
  • (1.2)
    end-of-file occurs on the input sequence;
  • (1.3)
    isspace(c, is.getloc()) is true for the next available input character c.
2
#
After the last character (if any) is extracted, is.width(0) is called and the sentry object is destroyed.
3
#
If the function extracts no characters, it calls is.setstate(ios​::​failbit), which may throw ios_­base​::​failure ([iostate.flags]).
4
#
Returns: is.
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& str);
5
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return os << basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>(str);
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> basic_istream<charT, traits>& getline(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& str, charT delim); template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> basic_istream<charT, traits>& getline(basic_istream<charT, traits>&& is, basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& str, charT delim);
6
#
Effects: Behaves as an unformatted input function ([istream.unformatted]), except that it does not affect the value returned by subsequent calls to basic_­istream<>​::​gcount().
After constructing a sentry object, if the sentry converts to true, calls str.erase() and then extracts characters from is and appends them to str as if by calling str.append(1, c) until any of the following occurs:
  • (6.1)
    end-of-file occurs on the input sequence (in which case, the getline function calls is.setstate(​ios_­base​::​eofbit)).
  • (6.2)
    traits​::​eq(c, delim) for the next available input character c (in which case, c is extracted but not appended) ([iostate.flags])
  • (6.3)
    str.max_­size() characters are stored (in which case, the function calls is.setstate(ios_­base​::​failbit)) ([iostate.flags])
7
#
The conditions are tested in the order shown.
In any case, after the last character is extracted, the sentry object is destroyed.
8
#
If the function extracts no characters, it calls is.setstate(ios_­base​::​failbit) which may throw ios_­base​::​failure ([iostate.flags]).
9
#
Returns: is.
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> basic_istream<charT, traits>& getline(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& str); template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> basic_istream<charT, traits>& getline(basic_istream<charT, traits>&& is, basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& str);
10
#
Returns: getline(is, str, is.widen('\n')).

24.3.4 Numeric conversions [string.conversions]

int stoi(const string& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10); long stol(const string& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10); unsigned long stoul(const string& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10); long long stoll(const string& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10); unsigned long long stoull(const string& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10);
1
#
Effects: the first two functions call strtol(str.c_­str(), ptr, base), and the last three functions call strtoul(str.c_­str(), ptr, base), strtoll(str.c_­str(), ptr, base), and strtoull(​str.c_­str(), ptr, base), respectively.
Each function returns the converted result, if any.
The argument ptr designates a pointer to an object internal to the function that is used to determine what to store at *idx.
If the function does not throw an exception and idx != 0, the function stores in *idx the index of the first unconverted element of str.
2
#
Returns: The converted result.
3
#
Throws: invalid_­argument if strtol, strtoul, strtoll, or strtoull reports that no conversion could be performed.
Throws out_­of_­range if strtol, strtoul, strtoll or strtoull sets errno to ERANGE, or if the converted value is outside the range of representable values for the return type.
float stof(const string& str, size_t* idx = 0); double stod(const string& str, size_t* idx = 0); long double stold(const string& str, size_t* idx = 0);
4
#
Effects: These functions call strtof(str.c_­str(), ptr), strtod(str.c_­str(), ptr), and strtold(​str.c_­str(), ptr), respectively.
Each function returns the converted result, if any.
The argument ptr designates a pointer to an object internal to the function that is used to determine what to store at *idx.
If the function does not throw an exception and idx != 0, the function stores in *idx the index of the first unconverted element of str.
5
#
Returns: The converted result.
6
#
Throws: invalid_­argument if strtof, strtod, or strtold reports that no conversion could be performed.
Throws out_­of_­range if strtof, strtod, or strtold sets errno to ERANGE or if the converted value is outside the range of representable values for the return type.
string to_string(int val); string to_string(unsigned val); string to_string(long val); string to_string(unsigned long val); string to_string(long long val); string to_string(unsigned long long val); string to_string(float val); string to_string(double val); string to_string(long double val);
7
#
Returns: Each function returns a string object holding the character representation of the value of its argument that would be generated by calling sprintf(buf, fmt, val) with a format specifier of "%d", "%u", "%ld", "%lu", "%lld", "%llu", "%f", "%f", or "%Lf", respectively, where buf designates an internal character buffer of sufficient size.
int stoi(const wstring& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10); long stol(const wstring& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10); unsigned long stoul(const wstring& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10); long long stoll(const wstring& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10); unsigned long long stoull(const wstring& str, size_t* idx = 0, int base = 10);
8
#
Effects: the first two functions call wcstol(str.c_­str(), ptr, base), and the last three functions call wcstoul(str.c_­str(), ptr, base), wcstoll(str.c_­str(), ptr, base), and wcstoull(​str.c_­str(), ptr, base), respectively.
Each function returns the converted result, if any.
The argument ptr designates a pointer to an object internal to the function that is used to determine what to store at *idx.
If the function does not throw an exception and idx != 0, the function stores in *idx the index of the first unconverted element of str.
9
#
Returns: The converted result.
10
#
Throws: invalid_­argument if wcstol, wcstoul, wcstoll, or wcstoull reports that no conversion could be performed.
Throws out_­of_­range if the converted value is outside the range of representable values for the return type.
float stof(const wstring& str, size_t* idx = 0); double stod(const wstring& str, size_t* idx = 0); long double stold(const wstring& str, size_t* idx = 0);
11
#
Effects: These functions call wcstof(str.c_­str(), ptr), wcstod(str.c_­str(), ptr), and wcstold(​str.c_­str(), ptr), respectively.
Each function returns the converted result, if any.
The argument ptr designates a pointer to an object internal to the function that is used to determine what to store at *idx.
If the function does not throw an exception and idx != 0, the function stores in *idx the index of the first unconverted element of str.
12
#
Returns: The converted result.
13
#
Throws: invalid_­argument if wcstof, wcstod, or wcstold reports that no conversion could be performed.
Throws out_­of_­range if wcstof, wcstod, or wcstold sets errno to ERANGE.
wstring to_wstring(int val); wstring to_wstring(unsigned val); wstring to_wstring(long val); wstring to_wstring(unsigned long val); wstring to_wstring(long long val); wstring to_wstring(unsigned long long val); wstring to_wstring(float val); wstring to_wstring(double val); wstring to_wstring(long double val);
14
#
Returns: Each function returns a wstring object holding the character representation of the value of its argument that would be generated by calling swprintf(buf, buffsz, fmt, val) with a format specifier of L"%d", L"%u", L"%ld", L"%lu", L"%lld", L"%llu", L"%f", L"%f", or L"%Lf", respectively, where buf designates an internal character buffer of sufficient size buffsz.

24.3.5 Hash support [basic.string.hash]

template<> struct hash<string>; template<> struct hash<u16string>; template<> struct hash<u32string>; template<> struct hash<wstring>;
1
#
If S is one of these string types, SV is the corresponding string view type, and s is an object of type S, then hash<S>()(s) == hash<SV>()(SV(s)).

24.3.6 Suffix for basic_­string literals [basic.string.literals]

string operator""s(const char* str, size_t len);
1
#
Returns: string{str, len}.
u16string operator""s(const char16_t* str, size_t len);
2
#
Returns: u16string{str, len}.
u32string operator""s(const char32_t* str, size_t len);
3
#
Returns: u32string{str, len}.
wstring operator""s(const wchar_t* str, size_t len);
4
#
Returns: wstring{str, len}.
5
#
[ Note
:
The same suffix s is used for chrono​::​duration literals denoting seconds but there is no conflict, since duration suffixes apply to numbers and string literal suffixes apply to character array literals.
— end note
 ]

24.4 String view classes [string.view]

1
#
The class template basic_­string_­view describes an object that can refer to a constant contiguous sequence of char-like ([strings.general]) objects with the first element of the sequence at position zero.
In the rest of this section, the type of the char-like objects held in a basic_­string_­view object is designated by charT.
2
#
[ Note
:
The library provides implicit conversions from const charT* and std​::​basic_­string<charT, ...> to std​::​basic_­string_­view<charT, ...> so that user code can accept just std​::​basic_­string_­view<charT> as a non-templated parameter wherever a sequence of characters is expected.
User-defined types should define their own implicit conversions to std​::​basic_­string_­view in order to interoperate with these functions.
— end note
 ]
3
#
The complexity of basic_­string_­view member functions is unless otherwise specified.

24.4.1 Header <string_­view> synopsis [string.view.synop]

namespace std {
  // [string.view.template], class template basic_­string_­view
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
  class basic_string_view;

  // [string.view.comparison], non-member comparison functions
  template<class charT, class traits>
    constexpr bool operator==(basic_string_view<charT, traits> x,
                              basic_string_view<charT, traits> y) noexcept;
  template<class charT, class traits>
    constexpr bool operator!=(basic_string_view<charT, traits> x,
                              basic_string_view<charT, traits> y) noexcept;
  template<class charT, class traits>
    constexpr bool operator< (basic_string_view<charT, traits> x,
                              basic_string_view<charT, traits> y) noexcept;
  template<class charT, class traits>
    constexpr bool operator> (basic_string_view<charT, traits> x,
                              basic_string_view<charT, traits> y) noexcept;
  template<class charT, class traits>
    constexpr bool operator<=(basic_string_view<charT, traits> x,
                              basic_string_view<charT, traits> y) noexcept;
  template<class charT, class traits>
    constexpr bool operator>=(basic_string_view<charT, traits> x,
                              basic_string_view<charT, traits> y) noexcept;
  // see [string.view.comparison], sufficient additional overloads of comparison functions

  // [string.view.io], inserters and extractors
  template<class charT, class traits>
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
      operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
                 basic_string_view<charT, traits> str);

  // basic_­string_­view typedef names
  using string_view    = basic_string_view<char>;
  using u16string_view = basic_string_view<char16_t>;
  using u32string_view = basic_string_view<char32_t>;
  using wstring_view   = basic_string_view<wchar_t>;

  // [string.view.hash], hash support
  template<class T> struct hash;
  template<> struct hash<string_view>;
  template<> struct hash<u16string_view>;
  template<> struct hash<u32string_view>;
  template<> struct hash<wstring_view>;

  inline namespace literals {
  inline namespace string_view_literals {
    // [string.view.literals], suffix for basic_­string_­view literals
    constexpr string_view    operator""sv(const char* str, size_t len) noexcept;
    constexpr u16string_view operator""sv(const char16_t* str, size_t len) noexcept;
    constexpr u32string_view operator""sv(const char32_t* str, size_t len) noexcept;
    constexpr wstring_view   operator""sv(const wchar_t* str, size_t len) noexcept;
  }
  }
}
1
#
The function templates defined in [utility.swap] and [iterator.range] are available when <string_­view> is included.

24.4.2 Class template basic_­string_­view [string.view.template]

template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
class basic_string_view {
public:
  // types
  using traits_type            = traits;
  using value_type             = charT;
  using pointer                = value_type*;
  using const_pointer          = const value_type*;
  using reference              = value_type&;
  using const_reference        = const value_type&;
  using const_iterator         = implementation-defined; // see [string.view.iterators]
  using iterator               = const_iterator;228
  using const_reverse_iterator = reverse_iterator<const_iterator>;
  using reverse_iterator       = const_reverse_iterator;
  using size_type              = size_t;
  using difference_type        = ptrdiff_t;
  static constexpr size_type npos = size_type(-1);

  // [string.view.cons], construction and assignment
  constexpr basic_string_view() noexcept;
  constexpr basic_string_view(const basic_string_view&) noexcept = default;
  constexpr basic_string_view& operator=(const basic_string_view&) noexcept = default;
  constexpr basic_string_view(const charT* str);
  constexpr basic_string_view(const charT* str, size_type len);

  // [string.view.iterators], iterator support
  constexpr const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
  constexpr const_iterator end() const noexcept;
  constexpr const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept;
  constexpr const_iterator cend() const noexcept;
  constexpr const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept;
  constexpr const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept;
  constexpr const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
  constexpr const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept;

  // [string.view.capacity], capacity
  constexpr size_type size() const noexcept;
  constexpr size_type length() const noexcept;
  constexpr size_type max_size() const noexcept;
  constexpr bool empty() const noexcept;

  // [string.view.access], element access
  constexpr const_reference operator[](size_type pos) const;
  constexpr const_reference at(size_type pos) const;
  constexpr const_reference front() const;
  constexpr const_reference back() const;
  constexpr const_pointer data() const noexcept;

  // [string.view.modifiers], modifiers
  constexpr void remove_prefix(size_type n);
  constexpr void remove_suffix(size_type n);
  constexpr void swap(basic_string_view& s) noexcept;

  // [string.view.ops], string operations
  size_type copy(charT* s, size_type n, size_type pos = 0) const;

  constexpr basic_string_view substr(size_type pos = 0, size_type n = npos) const;
  constexpr int compare(basic_string_view s) const noexcept;
  constexpr int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, basic_string_view s) const;
  constexpr int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, basic_string_view s,
                        size_type pos2, size_type n2) const;
  constexpr int compare(const charT* s) const;
  constexpr int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const charT* s) const;
  constexpr int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const charT* s,
                        size_type n2) const;
  constexpr size_type find(basic_string_view s, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
  constexpr size_type find(charT c, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
  constexpr size_type find(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const;
  constexpr size_type find(const charT* s, size_type pos = 0) const;
  constexpr size_type rfind(basic_string_view s, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
  constexpr size_type rfind(charT c, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
  constexpr size_type rfind(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const;
  constexpr size_type rfind(const charT* s, size_type pos = npos) const;
  constexpr size_type find_first_of(basic_string_view s, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
  constexpr size_type find_first_of(charT c, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
  constexpr size_type find_first_of(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const;
  constexpr size_type find_first_of(const charT* s, size_type pos = 0) const;
  constexpr size_type find_last_of(basic_string_view s, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
  constexpr size_type find_last_of(charT c, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
  constexpr size_type find_last_of(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n) const;
  constexpr size_type find_last_of(const charT* s, size_type pos = npos) const;
  constexpr size_type find_first_not_of(basic_string_view s, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
  constexpr size_type find_first_not_of(charT c, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
  constexpr size_type find_first_not_of(const charT* s, size_type pos,
                                        size_type n) const;
  constexpr size_type find_first_not_of(const charT* s, size_type pos = 0) const;
  constexpr size_type find_last_not_of(basic_string_view s,
                                       size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
  constexpr size_type find_last_not_of(charT c, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
  constexpr size_type find_last_not_of(const charT* s, size_type pos,
                                       size_type n) const;
  constexpr size_type find_last_not_of(const charT* s, size_type pos = npos) const;

private:
  const_pointer data_; // exposition only
  size_type size_;     // exposition only
};
1
#
In every specialization basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>, the type traits shall satisfy the character traits requirements ([char.traits]), and the type traits​::​char_­type shall name the same type as charT.
228)
Because basic_­string_­view refers to a constant sequence, iterator and const_­iterator are the same type.

24.4.2.1 Construction and assignment [string.view.cons]

constexpr basic_string_view() noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Constructs an empty basic_­string_­view.
2
#
Postconditions: size_­ == 0 and data_­ == nullptr.
constexpr basic_string_view(const charT* str);
3
#
Requires: [str, str + traits​::​length(str)) is a valid range.
4
#
Effects: Constructs a basic_­string_­view, with the postconditions in Table 59.
Table 59 — basic_­string_­view(const charT*) effects
Element
Value
data_­
str
size_­
traits​::​length(str)
5
#
Complexity: .
constexpr basic_string_view(const charT* str, size_type len);
6
#
Requires: [str, str + len) is a valid range.
7
#
Effects: Constructs a basic_­string_­view, with the postconditions in Table 60.
Table 60 — basic_­string_­view(const charT*, size_­type) effects
Element
Value
data_­
str
size_­
len

24.4.2.2 Iterator support [string.view.iterators]

using const_iterator = implementation-defined;
1
#
A type that meets the requirements of a constant random access iterator ([random.access.iterators]) and of a contiguous iterator ([iterator.requirements.general]) whose value_­type is the template parameter charT.
2
#
For a basic_­string_­view str, any operation that invalidates a pointer in the range [str.data(), str.data() + str.size()) invalidates pointers, iterators, and references returned from str's methods.
3
#
All requirements on container iterators ([container.requirements]) apply to basic_­string_­view​::​const_­iterator as well.
constexpr const_iterator begin() const noexcept; constexpr const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept;
4
#
Returns: An iterator such that
  • (4.1)
    if !empty(), &*begin() == data_­,
  • (4.2)
    otherwise, an unspecified value such that [begin(), end()) is a valid range.
constexpr const_iterator end() const noexcept; constexpr const_iterator cend() const noexcept;
5
#
Returns: begin() + size().
constexpr const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept; constexpr const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
6
#
Returns: const_­reverse_­iterator(end()).
constexpr const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept; constexpr const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept;
7
#
Returns: const_­reverse_­iterator(begin()).

24.4.2.3 Capacity [string.view.capacity]

constexpr size_type size() const noexcept;
1
#
Returns: size_­.
constexpr size_type length() const noexcept;
2
#
Returns: size_­.
constexpr size_type max_size() const noexcept;
3
#
Returns: The largest possible number of char-like objects that can be referred to by a basic_­string_­view.
constexpr bool empty() const noexcept;
4
#
Returns: size_­ == 0.

24.4.2.4 Element access [string.view.access]

constexpr const_reference operator[](size_type pos) const;
1
#
Requires: pos < size().
2
#
Returns: data_­[pos].
3
#
Throws: Nothing.
4
#
[ Note
:
Unlike basic_­string​::​operator[], basic_­string_­view​::​operator[](size()) has undefined behavior instead of returning charT().
— end note
 ]
constexpr const_reference at(size_type pos) const;
5
#
Throws: out_­of_­range if pos >= size().
6
#
Returns: data_­[pos].
constexpr const_reference front() const;
7
#
Requires: !empty().
8
#
Returns: data_­[0].
9
#
Throws: Nothing.
constexpr const_reference back() const;
10
#
Requires: !empty().
11
#
Returns: data_­[size() - 1].
12
#
Throws: Nothing.
constexpr const_pointer data() const noexcept;
13
#
Returns: data_­.
14
#
[ Note
:
Unlike basic_­string​::​data() and string literals, data() may return a pointer to a buffer that is not null-terminated.
Therefore it is typically a mistake to pass data() to a function that takes just a const charT* and expects a null-terminated string.
— end note
 ]

24.4.2.5 Modifiers [string.view.modifiers]

constexpr void remove_prefix(size_type n);
1
#
Requires: n <= size().
2
#
Effects: Equivalent to: data_­ += n; size_­ -= n;
constexpr void remove_suffix(size_type n);
3
#
Requires: n <= size().
4
#
Effects: Equivalent to: size_­ -= n;
constexpr void swap(basic_string_view& s) noexcept;
5
#
Effects: Exchanges the values of *this and s.

24.4.2.6 String operations [string.view.ops]

size_type copy(charT* s, size_type n, size_type pos = 0) const;
1
#
Let rlen be the smaller of n and size() - pos.
2
#
Throws: out_­of_­range if pos > size().
3
#
Requires: [s, s + rlen) is a valid range.
4
#
Effects: Equivalent to traits​::​copy(s, data() + pos, rlen).
5
#
Returns: rlen.
6
#
Complexity: .
constexpr basic_string_view substr(size_type pos = 0, size_type n = npos) const;
7
#
Let rlen be the smaller of n and size() - pos.
8
#
Throws: out_­of_­range if pos > size().
9
#
Effects: Determines rlen, the effective length of the string to reference.
10
#
Returns: basic_­string_­view(data() + pos, rlen).
constexpr int compare(basic_string_view str) const noexcept;
11
#
Let rlen be the smaller of size() and str.size().
12
#
Effects: Determines rlen, the effective length of the strings to compare.
The function then compares the two strings by calling traits​::​compare(data(), str.data(), rlen).
13
#
Complexity: .
14
#
Returns: The nonzero result if the result of the comparison is nonzero.
Otherwise, returns a value as indicated in Table 61.
Table 61 — compare() results
Condition
Return Value
size() < str.size()
< 0
size() == str.size()
 0
size() > str.size()
> 0
constexpr int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, basic_string_view str) const;
15
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return substr(pos1, n1).compare(str);
constexpr int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, basic_string_view str, size_type pos2, size_type n2) const;
16
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return substr(pos1, n1).compare(str.substr(pos2, n2));
constexpr int compare(const charT* s) const;
17
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return compare(basic_­string_­view(s));
constexpr int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const charT* s) const;
18
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return substr(pos1, n1).compare(basic_­string_­view(s));
constexpr int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, const charT* s, size_type n2) const;
19
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return substr(pos1, n1).compare(basic_­string_­view(s, n2));

24.4.2.7 Searching [string.view.find]

1
#
This section specifies the basic_­string_­view member functions named find, rfind, find_­first_­of, find_­last_­of, find_­first_­not_­of, and find_­last_­not_­of.
2
#
Member functions in this section have complexity at worst, although implementations are encouraged to do better.
3
#
Each member function of the form 
constexpr return-type F(const charT* s, size_type pos);
is equivalent to return F(basic_­string_­view(s), pos);
4
#
Each member function of the form 
constexpr return-type F(const charT* s, size_type pos, size_type n);
is equivalent to return F(basic_­string_­view(s, n), pos);
5
#
Each member function of the form 
constexpr return-type F(charT c, size_type pos);
is equivalent to return F(basic_­string_­view(&c, 1), pos);
constexpr size_type find(basic_string_view str, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
6
#
Let xpos be the lowest position, if possible, such that the following conditions hold:
  • (6.1)
    pos <= xpos
  • (6.2)
    xpos + str.size() <= size()
  • (6.3)
    traits​::​eq(at(xpos + I), str.at(I)) for all elements I of the string referenced by str.
7
#
Effects: Determines xpos.
8
#
Returns: xpos if the function can determine such a value for xpos.
Otherwise, returns npos.
constexpr size_type rfind(basic_string_view str, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
9
#
Let xpos be the highest position, if possible, such that the following conditions hold:
  • (9.1)
    xpos <= pos
  • (9.2)
    xpos + str.size() <= size()
  • (9.3)
    traits​::​eq(at(xpos + I), str.at(I)) for all elements I of the string referenced by str.
10
#
Effects: Determines xpos.
11
#
Returns: xpos if the function can determine such a value for xpos.
Otherwise, returns npos.
constexpr size_type find_first_of(basic_string_view str, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
12
#
Let xpos be the lowest position, if possible, such that the following conditions hold:
  • (12.1)
    pos <= xpos
  • (12.2)
    xpos < size()
  • (12.3)
    traits​::​eq(at(xpos), str.at(I)) for some element I of the string referenced by str.
13
#
Effects: Determines xpos.
14
#
Returns: xpos if the function can determine such a value for xpos.
Otherwise, returns npos.
constexpr size_type find_last_of(basic_string_view str, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
15
#
Let xpos be the highest position, if possible, such that the following conditions hold:
  • (15.1)
    xpos <= pos
  • (15.2)
    xpos < size()
  • (15.3)
    traits​::​eq(at(xpos), str.at(I)) for some element I of the string referenced by str.
16
#
Effects: Determines xpos.
17
#
Returns: xpos if the function can determine such a value for xpos.
Otherwise, returns npos.
constexpr size_type find_first_not_of(basic_string_view str, size_type pos = 0) const noexcept;
18
#
Let xpos be the lowest position, if possible, such that the following conditions hold:
  • (18.1)
    pos <= xpos
  • (18.2)
    xpos < size()
  • (18.3)
    traits​::​eq(at(xpos), str.at(I)) for no element I of the string referenced by str.
19
#
Effects: Determines xpos.
20
#
Returns: xpos if the function can determine such a value for xpos.
Otherwise, returns npos.
constexpr size_type find_last_not_of(basic_string_view str, size_type pos = npos) const noexcept;
21
#
Let xpos be the highest position, if possible, such that the following conditions hold:
  • (21.1)
    xpos <= pos
  • (21.2)
    xpos < size()
  • (21.3)
    traits​::​eq(at(xpos), str.at(I)) for no element I of the string referenced by str.
22
#
Effects: Determines xpos.
23
#
Returns: xpos if the function can determine such a value for xpos.
Otherwise, returns npos.

24.4.3 Non-member comparison functions [string.view.comparison]

1
#
Let S be basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>, and sv be an instance of S.
Implementations shall provide sufficient additional overloads marked constexpr and noexcept so that an object t with an implicit conversion to S can be compared according to Table 62.
Table 62 — Additional basic_­string_­view comparison overloads
Expression
Equivalent to
t == sv
S(t) == sv
sv == t
sv == S(t)
t != sv
S(t) != sv
sv != t
sv != S(t)
t < sv
S(t) < sv
sv < t
sv < S(t)
t > sv
S(t) > sv
sv > t
sv > S(t)
t <= sv
S(t) <= sv
sv <= t
sv <= S(t)
t >= sv
S(t) >= sv
sv >= t
sv >= S(t)
[ Example
:
A sample conforming implementation for operator== would be: 
template<class T> using __identity = decay_t<T>;
template<class charT, class traits>
  constexpr bool operator==(basic_string_view<charT, traits> lhs,
                            basic_string_view<charT, traits> rhs) noexcept {
    return lhs.compare(rhs) == 0;
  }
template<class charT, class traits>
  constexpr bool operator==(basic_string_view<charT, traits> lhs,
                            __identity<basic_string_view<charT, traits>> rhs) noexcept {
    return lhs.compare(rhs) == 0;
  }
template<class charT, class traits>
  constexpr bool operator==(__identity<basic_string_view<charT, traits>> lhs,
                            basic_string_view<charT, traits> rhs) noexcept {
    return lhs.compare(rhs) == 0;
  }
— end example
 ]
template<class charT, class traits> constexpr bool operator==(basic_string_view<charT, traits> lhs, basic_string_view<charT, traits> rhs) noexcept;
2
#
Returns: lhs.compare(rhs) == 0.
template<class charT, class traits> constexpr bool operator!=(basic_string_view<charT, traits> lhs, basic_string_view<charT, traits> rhs) noexcept;
3
#
Returns: lhs.compare(rhs) != 0.
template<class charT, class traits> constexpr bool operator< (basic_string_view<charT, traits> lhs, basic_string_view<charT, traits> rhs) noexcept;
4
#
Returns: lhs.compare(rhs) < 0.
template<class charT, class traits> constexpr bool operator> (basic_string_view<charT, traits> lhs, basic_string_view<charT, traits> rhs) noexcept;
5
#
Returns: lhs.compare(rhs) > 0.
template<class charT, class traits> constexpr bool operator<=(basic_string_view<charT, traits> lhs, basic_string_view<charT, traits> rhs) noexcept;
6
#
Returns: lhs.compare(rhs) <= 0.
template<class charT, class traits> constexpr bool operator>=(basic_string_view<charT, traits> lhs, basic_string_view<charT, traits> rhs) noexcept;
7
#
Returns: lhs.compare(rhs) >= 0.

24.4.4 Inserters and extractors [string.view.io]

template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, basic_string_view<charT, traits> str);
1
#
Effects: Behaves as a formatted output function ([ostream.formatted.reqmts]) of os.
Forms a character sequence seq, initially consisting of the elements defined by the range [str.begin(), str.end()).
Determines padding for seq as described in [ostream.formatted.reqmts].
Then inserts seq as if by calling os.rdbuf()->sputn(​seq, n), where n is the larger of os.width() and str.size(); then calls os.​width(0).
2
#
Returns: os

24.4.5 Hash support [string.view.hash]

template<> struct hash<string_view>; template<> struct hash<u16string_view>; template<> struct hash<u32string_view>; template<> struct hash<wstring_view>;
1
#
The specialization is enabled ([unord.hash]).
[ Note
:
The hash value of a string view object is equal to the hash value of the corresponding string object ([basic.string.hash]).
— end note
 ]

24.4.6 Suffix for basic_­string_­view literals [string.view.literals]

constexpr string_view operator""sv(const char* str, size_t len) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: string_­view{str, len}.
constexpr u16string_view operator""sv(const char16_t* str, size_t len) noexcept;
2
#
Returns: u16string_­view{str, len}.
constexpr u32string_view operator""sv(const char32_t* str, size_t len) noexcept;
3
#
Returns: u32string_­view{str, len}.
constexpr wstring_view operator""sv(const wchar_t* str, size_t len) noexcept;
4
#
Returns: wstring_­view{str, len}.

24.5 Null-terminated sequence utilities [c.strings]

24.5.1 Header <cctype> synopsis [cctype.syn]

namespace std {
  int isalnum(int c);
  int isalpha(int c);
  int isblank(int c);
  int iscntrl(int c);
  int isdigit(int c);
  int isgraph(int c);
  int islower(int c);
  int isprint(int c);
  int ispunct(int c);
  int isspace(int c);
  int isupper(int c);
  int isxdigit(int c);
  int tolower(int c);
  int toupper(int c);
}
1
#
The contents and meaning of the header <cctype> are the same as the C standard library header <ctype.h>.
See also: ISO C 7.
4

24.5.2 Header <cwctype> synopsis [cwctype.syn]

namespace std {
  using wint_t = see below;
  using wctrans_t = see below;
  using wctype_t = see below;

  int iswalnum(wint_t wc);
  int iswalpha(wint_t wc);
  int iswblank(wint_t wc);
  int iswcntrl(wint_t wc);
  int iswdigit(wint_t wc);
  int iswgraph(wint_t wc);
  int iswlower(wint_t wc);
  int iswprint(wint_t wc);
  int iswpunct(wint_t wc);
  int iswspace(wint_t wc);
  int iswupper(wint_t wc);
  int iswxdigit(wint_t wc);
  int iswctype(wint_t wc, wctype_t desc);
  wctype_t wctype(const char* property);
  wint_t towlower(wint_t wc);
  wint_t towupper(wint_t wc);
  wint_t towctrans(wint_t wc, wctrans_t desc);
  wctrans_t wctrans(const char* property);
}

#define WEOF see below
1
#
The contents and meaning of the header <cwctype> are the same as the C standard library header <wctype.h>.
See also: ISO C 7.
30

24.5.3 Header <cstring> synopsis [cstring.syn]

namespace std {
  using size_t = see [support.types.layout];

  void* memcpy(void* s1, const void* s2, size_t n);
  void* memmove(void* s1, const void* s2, size_t n);
  char* strcpy(char* s1, const char* s2);
  char* strncpy(char* s1, const char* s2, size_t n);
  char* strcat(char* s1, const char* s2);
  char* strncat(char* s1, const char* s2, size_t n);
  int memcmp(const void* s1, const void* s2, size_t n);
  int strcmp(const char* s1, const char* s2);
  int strcoll(const char* s1, const char* s2);
  int strncmp(const char* s1, const char* s2, size_t n);
  size_t strxfrm(char* s1, const char* s2, size_t n);
  const void* memchr(const void* s, int c, size_t n);  // see [library.c]
  void* memchr(void* s, int c, size_t n)  // see [library.c]
  const char* strchr(const char* s, int c)  // see [library.c]
  char* strchr(char* s, int c)  // see [library.c]
  size_t strcspn(const char* s1, const char* s2);
  const char* strpbrk(const char* s1, const char* s2)  // see [library.c]
  char* strpbrk(char* s1, const char* s2)  // see [library.c]
  const char* strrchr(const char* s, int c)  // see [library.c]
  char* strrchr(char* s, int c)  // see [library.c]
  size_t strspn(const char* s1, const char* s2);
  const char* strstr(const char* s1, const char* s2)  // see [library.c]
  char* strstr(char* s1, const char* s2)  // see [library.c]
  char* strtok(char* s1, const char* s2);
  void* memset(void* s, int c, size_t n);
  char* strerror(int errnum);
  size_t strlen(const char* s);
}

#define NULL see [support.types.nullptr]
1
#
The contents and meaning of the header <cstring> are the same as the C standard library header <string.h>.
2
#
The functions strerror and strtok are not required to avoid data races ([res.on.data.races]).
3
#
The functions memcpy and memmove are signal-safe ([csignal.syn]).
4
#
[ Note
:
The functions strchr, strpbrk, strrchr, strstr, and memchr, have different signatures in this International Standard, but they have the same behavior as in the C standard library ([library.c]).
— end note
 ]
See also: ISO C 7.
24.

24.5.4 Header <cwchar> synopsis [cwchar.syn]

namespace std {
  using size_t = see [support.types.layout];
  using mbstate_t = see below;
  using wint_t = see below;

  struct tm;

  int fwprintf(FILE* stream, const wchar_t* format, ...);
  int fwscanf(FILE* stream, const wchar_t* format, ...);
  int swprintf(wchar_t* s, size_t n, const wchar_t* format, ...);
  int swscanf(const wchar_t* s, const wchar_t* format, ...);
  int vfwprintf(FILE* stream, const wchar_t* format, va_list arg);
  int vfwscanf(FILE* stream, const wchar_t* format, va_list arg);
  int vswprintf(wchar_t* s, size_t n, const wchar_t* format, va_list arg);
  int vswscanf(const wchar_t* s, const wchar_t* format, va_list arg);
  int vwprintf(const wchar_t* format, va_list arg);
  int vwscanf(const wchar_t* format, va_list arg);
  int wprintf(const wchar_t* format, ...);
  int wscanf(const wchar_t* format, ...);
  wint_t fgetwc(FILE* stream);
  wchar_t* fgetws(wchar_t* s, int n, FILE* stream);
  wint_t fputwc(wchar_t c, FILE* stream);
  int fputws(const wchar_t* s, FILE* stream);
  int fwide(FILE* stream, int mode);
  wint_t getwc(FILE* stream);
  wint_t getwchar();
  wint_t putwc(wchar_t c, FILE* stream);
  wint_t putwchar(wchar_t c);
  wint_t ungetwc(wint_t c, FILE* stream);
  double wcstod(const wchar_t* nptr, wchar_t** endptr);
  float wcstof(const wchar_t* nptr, wchar_t** endptr);
  long double wcstold(const wchar_t* nptr, wchar_t** endptr);
  long int wcstol(const wchar_t* nptr, wchar_t** endptr, int base);
  long long int wcstoll(const wchar_t* nptr, wchar_t** endptr, int base);
  unsigned long int wcstoul(const wchar_t* nptr, wchar_t** endptr, int base);
  unsigned long long int wcstoull(const wchar_t* nptr, wchar_t** endptr, int base);
  wchar_t* wcscpy(wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
  wchar_t* wcsncpy(wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2, size_t n);
  wchar_t* wmemcpy(wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2, size_t n);
  wchar_t* wmemmove(wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2, size_t n);
  wchar_t* wcscat(wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
  wchar_t* wcsncat(wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2, size_t n);
  int wcscmp(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
  int wcscoll(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
  int wcsncmp(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2, size_t n);
  size_t wcsxfrm(wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2, size_t n);
  int wmemcmp(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2, size_t n);
  const wchar_t* wcschr(const wchar_t* s, wchar_t c)  // see [library.c]
  wchar_t* wcschr(wchar_t* s, wchar_t c)  // see [library.c]
  size_t wcscspn(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
  const wchar_t* wcspbrk(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2)  // see [library.c]
  wchar_t* wcspbrk(wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2)  // see [library.c]
  const wchar_t* wcsrchr(const wchar_t* s, wchar_t c)  // see [library.c]
  wchar_t* wcsrchr(wchar_t* s, wchar_t c)  // see [library.c]
  size_t wcsspn(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2);
  const wchar_t* wcsstr(const wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2)  // see [library.c]
  wchar_t* wcsstr(wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2)  // see [library.c]
  wchar_t* wcstok(wchar_t* s1, const wchar_t* s2, wchar_t** ptr);
  const wchar_t* wmemchr(const wchar_t* s, wchar_t c, size_t n)  // see [library.c]
  wchar_t* wmemchr(wchar_t* s, wchar_t c, size_t n)  // see [library.c]
  size_t wcslen(const wchar_t* s);
  wchar_t* wmemset(wchar_t* s, wchar_t c, size_t n);
  size_t wcsftime(wchar_t* s, size_t maxsize, const wchar_t* format, const struct tm* timeptr);
  wint_t btowc(int c);
  int wctob(wint_t c);

  // [c.mb.wcs], multibyte / wide string and character conversion functions
  int mbsinit(const mbstate_t* ps);
  size_t mbrlen(const char* s, size_t n, mbstate_t* ps);
  size_t mbrtowc(wchar_t* pwc, const char* s, size_t n, mbstate_t* ps);
  size_t wcrtomb(char* s, wchar_t wc, mbstate_t* ps);
  size_t mbsrtowcs(wchar_t* dst, const char** src, size_t len, mbstate_t* ps);
  size_t wcsrtombs(char* dst, const wchar_t** src, size_t len, mbstate_t* ps);
}

#define NULL see [support.types.nullptr]
#define WCHAR_MAX see below
#define WCHAR_MIN see below
#define WEOF see below
1
#
The contents and meaning of the header <cwchar> are the same as the C standard library header <wchar.h>, except that it does not declare a type wchar_­t.
2
#
[ Note
:
The functions wcschr, wcspbrk, wcsrchr, wcsstr, and wmemchr have different signatures in this International Standard, but they have the same behavior as in the C standard library ([library.c]).
— end note
 ]
See also: ISO C 7.
29

24.5.5 Header <cuchar> synopsis [cuchar.syn]

namespace std {
  using mbstate_t = see below;
  using size_t = see [support.types.layout];

  size_t mbrtoc16(char16_t* pc16, const char* s, size_t n, mbstate_t* ps);
  size_t c16rtomb(char* s, char16_t c16, mbstate_t* ps);
  size_t mbrtoc32(char32_t* pc32, const char* s, size_t n, mbstate_t* ps);
  size_t c32rtomb(char* s, char32_t c32, mbstate_t* ps);
}
1
#
The contents and meaning of the header <cuchar> are the same as the C standard library header <uchar.h>, except that it does not declare types char16_­t nor char32_­t.
See also: ISO C 7.
28

24.5.6 Multibyte / wide string and character conversion functions [c.mb.wcs]

1
#
[ Note
:
The headers <cstdlib> ([cstdlib.syn]) and <cwchar> ([cwchar.syn]) declare the functions described in this subclause.
— end note
 ]
int mbsinit(const mbstate_t* ps); int mblen(const char* s, size_t n); size_t mbstowcs(wchar_t* pwcs, const char* s, size_t n); size_t wcstombs(char* s, const wchar_t* pwcs, size_t n);
2
#
Effects: These functions have the semantics specified in the C standard library.
See also: ISO C 7.
22.
7.
1, 7.
22.
8, 7.
29.
6.
2.
1
int mbtowc(wchar_t* pwc, const char* s, size_t n); int wctomb(char* s, wchar_t wchar);
3
#
Effects: These functions have the semantics specified in the C standard library.
4
#
Remarks: Calls to these functions may introduce a data race ([res.on.data.races]) with other calls to the same function.
See also: ISO C 7.
22.
7
size_t mbrlen(const char* s, size_t n, mbstate_t* ps); size_t mbrtowc(wchar_t* pwc, const char* s, size_t n, mbstate_t* ps); size_t wcrtomb(char* s, wchar_t wc, mbstate_t* ps); size_t mbsrtowcs(wchar_t* dst, const char** src, size_t len, mbstate_t* ps); size_t wcsrtombs(char* dst, const wchar_t** src, size_t len, mbstate_t* ps);
5
#
Effects: These functions have the semantics specified in the C standard library.
6
#
Remarks: Calling these functions with an mbstate_­t* argument that is a null pointer value may introduce a data race ([res.on.data.races]) with other calls to the same function with an mbstate_­t* argument that is a null pointer value.
See also: ISO C 7.
29.
6.
3