13 Templates [temp]

template<class T> void f(std::initializer_list<T>);
f({1,2,3});                     // T deduced as int
f({1,"asdf"});                  // error: T deduced as both int and const char*

template<class T> void g(T);
g({1,2,3});                     // error: no argument deduced for T

template<class T, int N> void h(T const(&)[N]);
h({1,2,3});                     // T deduced as int; N deduced as 3

template<class T> void j(T const(&)[3]);
j({42});                        // T deduced as int; array bound not considered

struct Aggr { int i; int j; };
template<int N> void k(Aggr const(&)[N]);
k({1,2,3});                     // error: deduction fails, no conversion from int to Aggr
k({{1},{2},{3}});               // OK, N deduced as 3

template<int M, int N> void m(int const(&)[M][N]);
m({{1,2},{3,4}});               // M and N both deduced as 2

template<class T, int N> void n(T const(&)[N], T);
n({{1},{2},{3}},Aggr());        // OK, T is Aggr, N is 3

template<typename T, int N> void o(T (* const (&)[N])(T)) { }
int f1(int);
int f4(int);
char f4(char);
o({ &f1, &f4 });                                // OK, T deduced as int from first element, nothing
                                                // deduced from second element, N deduced as 2
o({ &f1, static_cast<char(*)(char)>(&f4) });    // error: conflicting deductions for T

template<class ... Types> void f(Types& ...);
template<class T1, class ... Types> void g(T1, Types ...);
template<class T1, class ... Types> void g1(Types ..., T1);

void h(int x, float& y) {
  const int z = x;
  f(x, y, z);                   // Types deduced as int, float, const int
  g(x, y, z);                   // T1 deduced as int; Types deduced as float, int
  g1(x, y, z);                  // error: Types is not deduced
  g1<int, int, int>(x, y, z);   // OK, no deduction occurs
}

template<class T> int f(const T&);
int n1 = f(5);                  // calls f<int>(const int&)
const int i = 0;
int n2 = f(i);                  // calls f<int>(const int&)
template <class T> int g(volatile T&);
int n3 = g(i);                  // calls g<const int>(const volatile int&)

template <class T> int f(T&& heisenreference);
template <class T> int g(const T&&);
int i;
int n1 = f(i);                  // calls f<int&>(int&)
int n2 = f(0);                  // calls f<int>(int&&)
int n3 = g(i);                  // error: would call g<int>(const int&&), which
                                // would bind an rvalue reference to an lvalue

template <class T> struct A {
  template <class U>
    A(T&&, U&&, int*);          // #1: T&& is not a forwarding reference.
                                // U&& is a forwarding reference.
  A(T&&, int*);                 // #2
};

template <class T> A(T&&, int*) -> A<T>;    // #3: T&& is a forwarding reference.

int *ip;
A a{i, 0, ip};                  // error: cannot deduce from #1
A a0{0, 0, ip};                 // uses #1 to deduce A<int> and #1 to initialize
A a2{i, ip};                    // uses #3 to deduce A<int&> and #2 to initialize

// Only one function of an overload set matches the call so the function parameter is a deduced context.
template <class T> int f(T (*p)(T));
int g(int);
int g(char);
int i = f(g);       // calls f(int (*)(int))

// Ambiguous deduction causes the second function parameter to be a non-deduced context.
template <class T> int f(T, T (*p)(T));
int g(int);
char g(char);
int i = f(1, g);    // calls f(int, int (*)(int))

// The overload set contains a template, causing the second function parameter to be a non-deduced context.
template <class T> int f(T, T (*p)(T));
char g(char);
template <class T> T g(T);
int i = f(1, g);    // calls f(int, int (*)(int))

template <class T> struct Z {
  typedef typename T::x xx;
};
template <class T> typename Z<T>::xx f(void *, T);      // #1
template <class T> void f(int, T);                      // #2
struct A {} a;
int main() {
  f(1, a);          // OK, deduction fails for #1 because there is no conversion from int to void*
}

template<class... Args>           void f(Args... args);         // #1
template<class T1, class... Args> void f(T1 a1, Args... args);  // #2
template<class T1, class T2>      void f(T1 a1, T2 a2);         // #3

f();                // calls #1
f(1, 2, 3);         // calls #2
f(1, 2);            // calls #3; non-variadic template #3 is more specialized
                    // than the variadic templates #1 and #2

template <class T> T f(int);            // #1
template <class T, class U> T f(U);     // #2
void g() {
  f<int>(1);                            // calls #1
}

template<class ...> struct Tuple { };
template<class ... Types> void g(Tuple<Types ...>);                 // #1
template<class T1, class ... Types> void g(Tuple<T1, Types ...>);   // #2
template<class T1, class ... Types> void g(Tuple<T1, Types& ...>);  // #3

g(Tuple<>());                   // calls #1
g(Tuple<int, float>());         // calls #2
g(Tuple<int, float&>());        // calls #3
g(Tuple<int>());                // calls #3

template<class T> void f(T x, T y) { /* ... */ }
struct A { /* ... */ };
struct B : A { /* ... */ };
void g(A a, B b) {
  f(a,b);           // error: T could be A or B
  f(b,a);           // error: T could be A or B
  f(a,a);           // OK: T is A
  f(b,b);           // OK: T is B
}

template <class T, class U> void f(  T (*)( T, U, U )  );

int g1( int, float, float);
char g2( int, float, float);
int g3( int, char, float);

void r() {
  f(g1);            // OK: T is int and U is float
  f(g2);            // error: T could be char or int
  f(g3);            // error: U could be char or float
}

template<class T> void f(const T*) { }
int* p;
void s() {
  f(p);             // f(const int*)
}

template <class T> struct B { };
template <class T> struct D : public B<T> {};
struct D2 : public B<int> {};
template <class T> void f(B<T>&){}
void t() {
  D<int> d;
  D2     d2;
  f(d);             // calls f(B<int>&)
  f(d2);            // calls f(B<int>&)
}

template<class T1, class... Z> class S;                                 // #1
template<class T1, class... Z> class S<T1, const Z&...> { };            // #2
template<class T1, class T2>   class S<T1, const T2&> { };              // #3
S<int, const int&> s;           // both #2 and #3 match; #3 is more specialized

template<class T, class... U>            struct A { };                  // #1
template<class T1, class T2, class... U> struct A<T1, T2*, U...> { };   // #2
template<class T1, class T2>             struct A<T1, T2> { };          // #3
template struct A<int, int*>;   // selects #2

template <class T> void f(T&&);
template <> void f(int&) { }    // #1
template <> void f(int&&) { }   // #2
void g(int i) {
  f(i);                         // calls f<int&>(int&), i.e., #1
  f(0);                         // calls f<int>(int&&), i.e., #2
}

template<class T, class... U> void f(T*, U...) { }  // #1
template<class T>             void f(T) { }         // #2
template void f(int*);                              // selects #1

template<long n> struct A { };

template<typename T> struct C;
template<typename T, T n> struct C<A<n>> {
  using Q = T;
};

using R = long;
using R = C<A<2>>::Q;           // OK; T was deduced as long from the
                                // template argument value in the type A<2>

template<typename T> struct S;
template<typename T, T n> struct S<int[n]> {
  using Q = T;
};

using V = decltype(sizeof 0);
using V = S<int[42]>::Q;        // OK; T was deduced as std​::​size_­t from the type int[42]

template<class T, T i> void f(int (&a)[i]);
int v[10];
void g() {
  f(v);                         // OK: T is std​::​size_­t
}

template<int i> class A { /* ... */ };
template<short s> void f(A<s>);
void k1() {
  A<1> a;
  f(a);             // error: deduction fails for conversion from int to short
  f<1>(a);          // OK
}

template<const short cs> class B { };
template<short s> void g(B<s>);
void k2() {
  B<1> b;
  g(b);             // OK: cv-qualifiers are ignored on template parameter types
}

template<class T> void f(void(*)(T,int));
template<class T> void foo(T,int);
void g(int,int);
void g(char,int);

void h(int,int,int);
void h(char,int);
int m() {
  f(&g);            // error: ambiguous
  f(&h);            // OK: void h(char,int) is a unique match
  f(&foo);          // error: type deduction fails because foo is a template
}

template <class T> void f(T = 5, T = 7);
void g() {
  f(1);             // OK: call f<int>(1,7)
  f();              // error: cannot deduce T
  f<int>();         // OK: call f<int>(5,7)
}

template <template <class T> class X> struct A { };
template <template <class T> class X> void f(A<X>) { }
template<class T> struct B { };
A<B> ab;
f(ab);              // calls f(A<B>)

template<class> struct X { };
template<class R, class ... ArgTypes> struct X<R(int, ArgTypes ...)> { };
template<class ... Types> struct Y { };
template<class T, class ... Types> struct Y<T, Types& ...> { };

template<class ... Types> int f(void (*)(Types ...));
void g(int, float);

X<int> x1;                      // uses primary template
X<int(int, float, double)> x2;  // uses partial specialization; ArgTypes contains float, double
X<int(float, int)> x3;          // uses primary template
Y<> y1;                         // use primary template; Types is empty
Y<int&, float&, double&> y2;    // uses partial specialization; T is int&, Types contains float, double
Y<int, float, double> y3;       // uses primary template; Types contains int, float, double
int fv = f(g);                  // OK; Types contains int, float