namespace-name: identifier namespace-alias
namespace-definition: named-namespace-definition unnamed-namespace-definition nested-namespace-definition
named-namespace-definition: inline namespace attribute-specifier-seq identifier { namespace-body }
unnamed-namespace-definition: inline namespace attribute-specifier-seq { namespace-body }
nested-namespace-definition: namespace enclosing-namespace-specifier :: identifier { namespace-body }
enclosing-namespace-specifier: identifier enclosing-namespace-specifier :: identifier
namespace-body: declaration-seq
namespace Outer {
int i;
namespace Inner {
void f() { i++; } // Outer::i
int i;
void g() { i++; } // Inner::i
}
}
namespace Q {
namespace V {
void f(); // enclosing namespaces are the global namespace, Q, and Q::V
class C { void m(); };
}
void V::f() { // enclosing namespaces are the global namespace, Q, and Q::V
extern void h(); // ... so this declares Q::V::h
}
void V::C::m() { // enclosing namespaces are the global namespace, Q, and Q::V
}
}
namespace E { namespace I { B } }
namespace A::B::C {
int i;
}
namespace A {
namespace B {
namespace C {
int i;
}
}
}inline namespace unique { /* empty body */ } using namespace unique ; namespace unique { namespace-body }where inline appears if and only if it appears in the unnamed-namespace-definition and all occurrences of unique in a translation unit are replaced by the same identifier, and this identifier differs from all other identifiers in the translation unit.
namespace { int i; } // unique::i
void f() { i++; } // unique::i++
namespace A {
namespace {
int i; // A::unique::i
int j; // A::unique::j
}
void g() { i++; } // A::unique::i++
}
using namespace A;
void h() {
i++; // error: unique::i or A::unique::i
A::i++; // A::unique::i
j++; // A::unique::j
}
namespace X {
void f() { /* ... */ } // OK: introduces X::f()
namespace M {
void g(); // OK: introduces X::M::g()
}
using M::g;
void g(); // error: conflicts with X::M::g()
}
namespace Q {
namespace V {
void f();
}
void V::f() { /* ... */ } // OK
void V::g() { /* ... */ } // error: g() is not yet a member of V
namespace V {
void g();
}
}
namespace R {
void Q::V::g() { /* ... */ } // error: R doesn't enclose Q
}// Assume f and g have not yet been declared. void h(int); template <class T> void f2(T); namespace A { class X { friend void f(X); // A::f(X) is a friend class Y { friend void g(); // A::g is a friend friend void h(int); // A::h is a friend // ::h not considered friend void f2<>(int); // ::f2<>(int) is a friend }; }; // A::f, A::g and A::h are not visible here X x; void g() { f(x); } // definition of A::g void f(X) { /* ... */ } // definition of A::f void h(int) { /* ... */ } // definition of A::h // A::f, A::g and A::h are visible here and known to be friends } using A::x; void h() { A::f(x); A::X::f(x); // error: f is not a member of A::X A::X::Y::g(); // error: g is not a member of A::X::Y }
namespace Company_with_very_long_name { /* ... */ }
namespace CWVLN = Company_with_very_long_name;
namespace CWVLN = Company_with_very_long_name; // OK: duplicate
namespace CWVLN = CWVLN;using-declaration: using using-declarator-list ;
using-declarator-list: using-declarator ... using-declarator-list , using-declarator ...
using-declarator: typename nested-name-specifier unqualified-id
struct B {
void f(char);
void g(char);
enum E { e };
union { int x; };
};
struct D : B {
using B::f;
void f(int) { f('c'); } // calls B::f(char)
void g(int) { g('c'); } // recursively calls D::g(int)
};
template <typename... bases>
struct X : bases... {
using bases::g...;
};
X<B, D> x; // OK: B::g and D::g introduced
class C {
int g();
};
class D2 : public B {
using B::f; // OK: B is a base of D2
using B::e; // OK: e is an enumerator of base B
using B::x; // OK: x is a union member of base B
using C::g; // error: C isn't a base of D2
};
struct A {
template <class T> void f(T);
template <class T> struct X { };
};
struct B : A {
using A::f<double>; // ill-formed
using A::X<int>; // ill-formed
};
struct X {
int i;
static int s;
};
void f() {
using X::i; // error: X::i is a class member and this is not a member declaration.
using X::s; // error: X::s is a class member and this is not a member declaration.
}
void f();
namespace A {
void g();
}
namespace X {
using ::f; // global f
using A::g; // A's g
}
void h()
{
X::f(); // calls ::f
X::g(); // calls A::g
}
namespace A {
int i;
}
namespace A1 {
using A::i, A::i; // OK: double declaration
}
struct B {
int i;
};
struct X : B {
using B::i, B::i; // error: double member declaration
};
namespace A {
void f(int);
}
using A::f; // f is a synonym for A::f; that is, for A::f(int).
namespace A {
void f(char);
}
void foo() {
f('a'); // calls f(int), even though f(char) exists.
}
void bar() {
using A::f; // f is a synonym for A::f; that is, for A::f(int) and A::f(char).
f('a'); // calls f(char)
}
namespace A {
int x;
}
namespace B {
int i;
struct g { };
struct x { };
void f(int);
void f(double);
void g(char); // OK: hides struct g
}
void func() {
int i;
using B::i; // error: i declared twice
void f(char);
using B::f; // OK: each f is a function
f(3.5); // calls B::f(double)
using B::g;
g('a'); // calls B::g(char)
struct g g1; // g1 has class type B::g
using B::x;
using A::x; // OK: hides struct B::x
x = 99; // assigns to A::x
struct x x1; // x1 has class type B::x
}
namespace B {
void f(int);
void f(double);
}
namespace C {
void f(int);
void f(double);
void f(char);
}
void h() {
using B::f; // B::f(int) and B::f(double)
using C::f; // C::f(int), C::f(double), and C::f(char)
f('h'); // calls C::f(char)
f(1); // error: ambiguous: B::f(int) or C::f(int)?
void f(int); // error: f(int) conflicts with C::f(int) and B::f(int)
}
struct B {
virtual void f(int);
virtual void f(char);
void g(int);
void h(int);
};
struct D : B {
using B::f;
void f(int); // OK: D::f(int) overrides B::f(int);
using B::g;
void g(char); // OK
using B::h;
void h(int); // OK: D::h(int) hides B::h(int)
};
void k(D* p)
{
p->f(1); // calls D::f(int)
p->f('a'); // calls B::f(char)
p->g(1); // calls B::g(int)
p->g('a'); // calls D::g(char)
}
struct B1 {
B1(int);
};
struct B2 {
B2(int);
};
struct D1 : B1, B2 {
using B1::B1;
using B2::B2;
};
D1 d1(0); // ill-formed: ambiguous
struct D2 : B1, B2 {
using B1::B1;
using B2::B2;
D2(int); // OK: D2::D2(int) hides B1::B1(int) and B2::B2(int)
};
D2 d2(0); // calls D2::D2(int)
struct A { int x(); };
struct B : A { };
struct C : A {
using A::x;
int x(int);
};
struct D : B, C {
using C::x;
int x(double);
};
int f(D* d) {
return d->x(); // error: overload resolution selects A::x, but A is an ambiguous base class
}
class A {
private:
void f(char);
public:
void f(int);
protected:
void g();
};
class B : public A {
using A::f; // error: A::f(char) is inaccessible
public:
using A::g; // B::g is a public synonym for A::g
};using-directive: attribute-specifier-seq using namespace nested-name-specifier namespace-name ;
namespace A {
int i;
namespace B {
namespace C {
int i;
}
using namespace A::B::C;
void f1() {
i = 5; // OK, C::i visible in B and hides A::i
}
}
namespace D {
using namespace B;
using namespace C;
void f2() {
i = 5; // ambiguous, B::C::i or A::i?
}
}
void f3() {
i = 5; // uses A::i
}
}
void f4() {
i = 5; // ill-formed; neither i is visible
}
namespace M {
int i;
}
namespace N {
int i;
using namespace M;
}
void f() {
using namespace N;
i = 7; // error: both M::i and N::i are visible
}
namespace A {
int i;
}
namespace B {
int i;
int j;
namespace C {
namespace D {
using namespace A;
int j;
int k;
int a = i; // B::i hides A::i
}
using namespace D;
int k = 89; // no problem yet
int l = k; // ambiguous: C::k or D::k
int m = i; // B::i hides A::i
int n = j; // D::j hides B::j
}
}
namespace A {
class X { };
extern "C" int g();
extern "C++" int h();
}
namespace B {
void X(int);
extern "C" int g();
extern "C++" int h(int);
}
using namespace A;
using namespace B;
void f() {
X(1); // error: name X found in two namespaces
g(); // OK: name g refers to the same entity
h(); // OK: overload resolution selects A::h
}
namespace D {
int d1;
void f(char);
}
using namespace D;
int d1; // OK: no conflict with D::d1
namespace E {
int e;
void f(int);
}
namespace D { // namespace extension
int d2;
using namespace E;
void f(int);
}
void f() {
d1++; // error: ambiguous ::d1 or D::d1?
::d1++; // OK
D::d1++; // OK
d2++; // OK: D::d2
e++; // OK: E::e
f(1); // error: ambiguous: D::f(int) or E::f(int)?
f('a'); // OK: D::f(char)
}