13 Derived classes [class.derived]

class A { /* ... */ };
class B { /* ... */ };
class C { /* ... */ };
class D : public A, public B, public C { /* ... */ };

class X { /* ... */ };
class Y : public X, public X { /* ... */ };             // ill-formed

class L { public: int next;  /* ... */ };
class A : public L { /* ... */ };
class B : public L { /* ... */ };
class C : public A, public B { void f(); /* ... */ };   // well-formed
class D : public A, public L { void f(); /* ... */ };   // well-formed

struct A { int x; };                    // S(x,A) = { { A​::​x }, { A } }
struct B { float x; };                  // S(x,B) = { { B​::​x }, { B } }
struct C: public A, public B { };       // S(x,C) = { invalid, { A in C, B in C } }
struct D: public virtual C { };         // S(x,D) = S(x,C)
struct E: public virtual C { char x; }; // S(x,E) = { { E​::​x }, { E } }
struct F: public D, public E { };       // S(x,F) = S(x,E)
int main() {
  F f;
  f.x = 0;                              // OK, lookup finds E​::​x
}

struct A {
  int f();
};

struct B {
  int f();
};

struct C : A, B {
  int f() { return A::f() + B::f(); }
};

struct V {
  int v;
};
struct A {
  int a;
  static int   s;
  enum { e };
};
struct B : A, virtual V { };
struct C : A, virtual V { };
struct D : B, C { };

void f(D* pd) {
  pd->v++;          // OK: only one v (virtual)
  pd->s++;          // OK: only one s (static)
  int i = pd->e;    // OK: only one e (enumerator)
  pd->a++;          // error, ambiguous: two as in D
}

struct V { int f();  int x; };
struct W { int g();  int y; };
struct B : virtual V, W {
  int f();  int x;
  int g();  int y;
};
struct C : virtual V, W { };

struct D : B, C { void glorp(); };

void D::glorp() {
  x++;              // OK: B​::​x hides V​::​x
  f();              // OK: B​::​f() hides V​::​f()
  y++;              // error: B​::​y and C's W​::​y
  g();              // error: B​::​g() and C's W​::​g()
}

struct V { };
struct A { };
struct B : A, virtual V { };
struct C : A, virtual V { };
struct D : B, C { };

void g() {
  D d;
  B* pb = &d;
  A* pa = &d;       // error, ambiguous: C's A or B's A?
  V* pv = &d;       // OK: only one V subobject
}

struct B1 {
  void f();
  static void f(int);
  int i;
};
struct B2 {
  void f(double);
};
struct I1: B1 { };
struct I2: B1 { };

struct D: I1, I2, B2 {
  using B1::f;
  using B2::f;
  void g() {
    f();                        // Ambiguous conversion of this
    f(0);                       // Unambiguous (static)
    f(0.0);                     // Unambiguous (only one B2)
    int B1::* mpB1 = &D::i;     // Unambiguous
    int D::* mpD = &D::i;       // Ambiguous conversion
  }
};

struct A {
  virtual void f();
};
struct B : virtual A {
  virtual void f();
};
struct C : B , virtual A {
  using A::f;
};

void foo() {
  C c;
  c.f();              // calls B​::​f, the final overrider
  c.C::f();           // calls A​::​f because of the using-declaration
}

struct A { virtual void f(); };
struct B : A { };
struct C : A { void f(); };
struct D : B, C { };  // OK: A​::​f and C​::​f are the final overriders
                      // for the B and C subobjects, respectively

struct B {
  virtual void f() const final;
};

struct D : B {
  void f() const;     // error: D​::​f attempts to override final B​::​f
};

struct B {
  virtual void f(int);
};

struct D : B {
  virtual void f(long) override;  // error: wrong signature overriding B​::​f
  virtual void f(int) override;   // OK
};

class B { };
class D : private B { friend class Derived; };
struct Base {
  virtual void vf1();
  virtual void vf2();
  virtual void vf3();
  virtual B*   vf4();
  virtual B*   vf5();
  void f();
};

struct No_good : public Base {
  D*  vf4();        // error: B (base class of D) inaccessible
};

class A;
struct Derived : public Base {
    void vf1();     // virtual and overrides Base​::​vf1()
    void vf2(int);  // not virtual, hides Base​::​vf2()
    char vf3();     // error: invalid difference in return type only
    D*   vf4();     // OK: returns pointer to derived class
    A*   vf5();     // error: returns pointer to incomplete class
    void f();
};

void g() {
  Derived d;
  Base* bp = &d;                // standard conversion:
                                // Derived* to Base*
  bp->vf1();                    // calls Derived​::​vf1()
  bp->vf2();                    // calls Base​::​vf2()
  bp->f();                      // calls Base​::​f() (not virtual)
  B*  p = bp->vf4();            // calls Derived​::​pf() and converts the
                                // result to B*
  Derived*  dp = &d;
  D*  q = dp->vf4();            // calls Derived​::​pf() and does not
                                // convert the result to B*
  dp->vf2();                    // ill-formed: argument mismatch
}

struct A {
  virtual void f();
};

struct B1 : A {                 // note non-virtual derivation
  void f();
};

struct B2 : A {
  void f();
};

struct D : B1, B2 {             // D has two separate A subobjects
};

void foo() {
  D   d;
//   A*  ap = &d;                  // would be ill-formed: ambiguous
  B1*  b1p = &d;
  A*   ap = b1p;
  D*   dp = &d;
  ap->f();                      // calls D​::​B1​::​f
  dp->f();                      // ill-formed: ambiguous
}

struct A {
  virtual void f();
};

struct VB1 : virtual A {        // note virtual derivation
  void f();
};

struct VB2 : virtual A {
  void f();
};

struct Error : VB1, VB2 {       // ill-formed
};

struct Okay : VB1, VB2 {
  void f();
};

struct VB1a : virtual A {       // does not declare f
};

struct Da : VB1a, VB2 {
};

void foe() {
  VB1a*  vb1ap = new Da;
  vb1ap->f();                   // calls VB2​::​f
}

class B { public: virtual void f(); };
class D : public B { public: void f(); };

void D::f() { /* ... */ B::f(); }

class point { /* ... */ };
class shape {                   // abstract class
  point center;
public:
  point where() { return center; }
  void move(point p) { center=p; draw(); }
  virtual void rotate(int) = 0; // pure virtual
  virtual void draw() = 0;      // pure virtual
};

struct C {
  virtual void f() = 0 { };     // ill-formed
};

shape x;                        // error: object of abstract class
shape* p;                       // OK
shape f();                      // error
void g(shape);                  // error
shape& h(shape&);               // OK

class ab_circle : public shape {
  int radius;
public:
  void rotate(int) { }
  // ab_­circle​::​draw() is a pure virtual
};

class circle : public shape {
  int radius;
public:
  void rotate(int) { }
  void draw();                  // a definition is required somewhere
};